{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:33:40Z","timestamp":1772645620334,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Handover is one of the key operations in the mobility management of long-term evolution (LTE)-based systems. Hard handover decided by handover margin and time to trigger (TTT) has been adopted in third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) LTE with the purpose of reducing the complexity of network architecture. Various handover algorithms, however, have been proposed for 3GPP LTE to maximize the system goodput and minimize packet delay. In this paper, a new handover approach enhancing the existing handover schemes is proposed. It is mainly based on the two notions of handover management: <jats:italic>lazy handover<\/jats:italic> for avoiding ping-pong effect and <jats:italic>early handover<\/jats:italic> for handling real-time services. Lazy handover is supported by disallowing handover before the TTT window expires, while early handover is supported even before the window expires if the rate change in signal power is very large. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated and compared with two well-known handover algorithms based on goodput per cell, average packet delay, number of handovers per second, and signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio. The simulation with LTE-Sim reveals that the proposed scheme significantly enhances the goodput while reducing packet delay and unnecessary handover.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T21:01:41Z","timestamp":1412715701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["DIHAT: Differential Integrator Handover Algorithm with TTT window for LTE-based systems"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Xianda","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kyung Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Byungjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hee Yong","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"981_CR1","unstructured":"3GPP Scope. . Accessed 25 September 2014 http:\/\/www.3gpp.org"},{"key":"981_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470978504","volume-title":"LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice","author":"S Sesia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sesia S, Toufik I, Baker M: LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice. 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, Wiltshire; 2011.","edition":"2"},{"key":"981_CR3","unstructured":"3GPP, Tech. Specif. Group Radio Access Network; Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) (3GPP TR 25.913 V9.0.0). 2009."},{"key":"981_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1145\/2307636.2307658","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE 10th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services","author":"J Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang J, Qian F, Gerber A, Mao ZM, Sen S, Spatscheck O: A close examination of performance and power characteristics of 4G LTE networks. Proceedings of IEEE 10th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services 2012, 225-238."},{"key":"981_CR5","unstructured":"Zyren J, McCoy W: Overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Physical Layer. (Freescale Semiconductor, Inc, 2007). white paper; . Accessed 25 September 2014 http:\/\/www.freescale.com\/files\/wireless_comm\/doc\/white_paper\/3GPPEVOLUTIONWP.pdf"},{"key":"981_CR6","unstructured":"3GPP, Tech. Specif. Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical channels and modulation (3GPP TS 36.211 V10.0.0). 2010."},{"key":"981_CR7","volume-title":"Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE","author":"HG Myung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Myung HG: Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE. Polytechnic University of New York; 2008. . Accessed 25 September 2014 http:\/\/tech-books-pdf.googlecode.com\/git\/LTE\/3gppLTE.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"981_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2010.08.001","volume":"3","author":"IF Akyildiz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Akyildiz IF, Gutierrez-Estevez DM, Reyes EC: The evolution to 4G cellular systems: LTE-advanced. Phys. Commun 2010, 3(4):217-244. 10.1016\/j.phycom.2010.08.001","journal-title":"Phys. Commun"},{"key":"981_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCE.2012.6271155","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE)","author":"I Shayea","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shayea I, Ismail M, Nordin R: Advanced handover techniques in LTE-Advanced system. Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE) 2012, 74-79."},{"key":"981_CR10","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE 68th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2008-Fall)","author":"N Zheng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zheng N, Wigard J: On the performance of Integrator Handover Algorithm in LTE Networks. Proceedings of IEEE 68th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2008-Fall) 2008, 1-5."},{"key":"981_CR11","first-page":"270","volume-title":"Proceeding of Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA)","author":"FM Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang FM, Wang HL, Hu SY, Kao SJ: An efficient handover mechanism by adopting direction prediction and adaptive time-to-trigger in LTE networks. Proceeding of Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA) 2013, 270-280."},{"issue":"3","key":"981_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-010-0303-x","volume":"17","author":"W Wanalertlak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wanalertlak W, Lee B, Yu C, Kim M, Park SM, Kim WT: Behavior-based mobility prediction for seamless handoffs in mobile wireless networks. Wirel. Netw 2011, 17(3):645-658. 10.1007\/s11276-010-0303-x","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw"},{"key":"981_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/CNMT.2009.5374706","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE 2009 International Symposium on Computer Network and Multimedia Technology (CNMT 2009)","author":"H Ge","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ge H, Wen X, Zheng W, Lu Z, Wang B: A history-based handover prediction for LTE systems. Proceedings of IEEE 2009 International Symposium on Computer Network and Multimedia Technology (CNMT 2009) 2009, 1-4."},{"key":"981_CR14","volume-title":"IET Networks","author":"O Altrad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Altrad O, Muhaidat S, Yoo PD: Doppler frequency estimation-based handover algorithm for long-term evolution networks. IET Networks 2013. doi:10.1049\/iet-net.2012.0224"},{"key":"981_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2009.5073597","volume-title":"Proceeding of IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring 2009)","author":"D Aziz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aziz D, Sigle R: Improvement of LTE handover performance through interference coordination. Proceeding of IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring 2009) 2009, 1-5."},{"key":"981_CR16","first-page":"871","volume-title":"Proceeding of 2012 18th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC)","author":"CC Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin CC, Sandrasegaran K, Zhu X, Xu Z: On the performance of capacity integrated CoMP handover algorithm in LTE-Advanced. Proceeding of 2012 18th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC) 2012, 871-876."},{"key":"981_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5923\/j.jwnc.20110101.01","volume":"1","author":"W Luo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luo W, Zhang R, Fang X: A CoMP soft handover scheme for LTE systems in high speed railway. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 2012, 1: 1-9. 10.5923\/j.jwnc.20110101.01","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw"},{"key":"981_CR18","volume-title":"Handover mechanism in coordinated multi-point transmission\/reception system, in ZTE Communications","author":"X Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu X, Chen X, Lin J: Handover mechanism in coordinated multi-point transmission\/reception system, in ZTE Communications. 2010. no. 1"},{"key":"981_CR19","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handover algorithm with joint processing in LTE-advanced, in Proceeding of IEEE 9th International Conference on Electrical Engineering\/Electronics","author":"CC Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin CC, Sandrasegaran K, Reeves S: Handover algorithm with joint processing in LTE-advanced, in Proceeding of IEEE 9th International Conference on Electrical Engineering\/Electronics. Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON); 2012:1-4."},{"key":"981_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2013.6692564","volume-title":"Proceeding of IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring 2013)","author":"A Nagate","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nagate A, Nabatame S, Ogata D, Hoshino K, Fujii T: Field experiment of CoMP joint transmission over X 2 interface for LTE-Advanced. Proceeding of IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring 2013) 2013, 1-5."},{"key":"981_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/HMWC.2013.6710290","volume-title":"Proceeding of 2013 IEEE International Workshop on High Mobility Wireless Communications (HMWC)","author":"X Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen X, Li C, Luo Y: A seamless dual-link handover scheme suitable for high-speed rail. Proceeding of 2013 IEEE International Workshop on High Mobility Wireless Communications (HMWC) 2013, 91-95."},{"issue":"4","key":"981_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2012.120505","volume":"30","author":"T Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin T, Li J, Huang Y, Shi J, Zhou J: Seamless dual-link handover scheme in broadband wireless communication systems for high-speed rail. IEEE J Selected Areas Commun. 2012, 30(4):708-718.","journal-title":"IEEE J Selected Areas Commun"},{"key":"981_CR23","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceeding of 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops 2009)","author":"J Chang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chang J, Li Y, Feng S, Wang H, Sun C, Zhang P: A fractional soft handover scheme for 3GPP LTE-Advanced system. Proceeding of 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops 2009) 2009, 1-5."},{"issue":"3","key":"981_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2008.927041","volume":"58","author":"H Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee H, Son H, Lee S: Semisoft handover gain analysis over OFDM-based broadband systems. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2009, 58(3):1443-1453.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol"},{"key":"981_CR25","unstructured":"3GPP, Tech. Specif. Group Radio Access Network; General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) (3GPP TS 23.401 V11.7.0). 2013."},{"key":"981_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIN.2012.6164372","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN)","author":"W Ahn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahn W, Gwak Y, Kim YY: A low-complexity delay injection algorithm for improving TCP performance during LTE intra handover. Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN) 2012, 177-181."},{"key":"981_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2012.6249265","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC)","author":"T Komine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Komine T, Yamamoto T, Konishi S: A proposal of cell selection algorithm for LTE handover optimization. Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC) 2012, 37-42."},{"key":"981_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2009.5378909","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE 70th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2009-Fall)","author":"K Dimou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dimou K, Wang M, Yang Y, Kazmi M, Larmo A, Pettersson J, Muller W, Timner Y: Handover within 3GPP LTE: design principles and performance. Proceedings of IEEE 70th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2009-Fall) 2009, 1-5."},{"key":"981_CR29","unstructured":"Ericsson, Proposed Reference Assumption for RSRP measurement Accuracy, 3GPP TSG-RAN WG4 Meeting #43 R4-070593. Kobe, Japan; 2007."},{"key":"981_CR30","unstructured":"Autoregressive Model. . Accessed 25 September 2014 http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autoregressive_model"},{"key":"981_CR31","unstructured":"Stigler M: Stationary Models: MA, AR and ARMA. . Accessed 25 September 2014 http:\/\/macrofinance.nipfp.org.in\/PDF\/Lect2ARMA.pdf"},{"key":"981_CR32","unstructured":"3GPP, Tech. Specif. Group Services and System Aspects; Policy and charging control architecture (3GPP TS 23.203 V11.7.0). 2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"981_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2091660","volume":"60","author":"G Piro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Piro G, Grieco LA, Boggia G, Capozzi F, Camarda P: Simulating LTE cellular systems: an open-source framework. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2010, 60(2):498-513.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol"},{"key":"981_CR34","unstructured":"3GPP, Tech. Specif. Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Frequency (PF) system scenarios (3GPP TS 36.942 V11.0.0). 2012."},{"key":"981_CR35","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE 4th International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO)","author":"CC Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin CC, Sandrasegaran K, Ramli HAM, Basukala R, Patachaianand R, Chen L, Afrin TS: Optimization of handover algorithm in 3GPP long term evolution system. Proceedings of IEEE 4th International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO) 2011, 1-5."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-162.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-162\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-162.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T05:59:26Z","timestamp":1630562366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-162","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"162"}}