{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:05:37Z","timestamp":1771657537416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,2]],"date-time":"2014-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404259200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Image Video Proc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biometric systems encounter variability in data that influence capture, treatment, and u-sage of a biometric sample. It is imperative to first analyze the data and incorporate this understanding within the recognition system, making assessment of<jats:italic>biometric quality<\/jats:italic>an important aspect of biometrics. Though several interpretations and definitions of quality exist, sometimes of a conflicting nature, a holistic definition of quality is indistinct. This paper presents a survey of different concepts and interpretations of biometric quality so that a clear picture of the current state and future directions can be presented. Several factors that cause different types of degradations of biometric samples, including image features that attribute to the effects of these degradations, are discussed. Evaluation schemes are presented to test the performance of quality metrics for various applications. A survey of the features, strengths, and limitations of existing quality assessment techniques in fingerprint, iris, and face biometric are also presented. Finally, a representative set of quality metrics from these three modalities are evaluated on a multimodal database consisting of 2D images, to understand their behavior with respect to match scores obtained from the state-of-the-art recognition systems. The analysis of the characteristic function of quality and match scores shows that a careful selection of complimentary set of quality metrics can provide more benefit to various applications of biometric quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-5281-2014-34","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,2]],"date-time":"2014-07-02T11:35:10Z","timestamp":1404300910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Biometric quality: a review of fingerprint, iris, and face"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2014","author":[{"given":"Samarth","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mayank","family":"Vatsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"130_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02238-8","volume-title":"Modern image quality assessment","author":"Z Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang Z, Bovik AC: Modern image quality assessment. 2006, 2: 1-156."},{"issue":"4","key":"130_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2011.01.005","volume":"22","author":"W Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin W, Kuo CCJ: Perceptual visual quality metrics: a survey. J. Vis. Comm. Image Represent 2011, 22(4):297-312. 10.1016\/j.jvcir.2011.01.005","journal-title":"J. Vis. Comm. Image Represent"},{"key":"130_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/11527923_17","volume-title":"Audio and Video Based Biometric Person Authentication. Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Y Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen Y, Dass S, Jain A: Fingerprint quality indices for predicting authentication performance. In Audio and Video Based Biometric Person Authentication. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg; 2005:160-170."},{"issue":"4","key":"130_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1019","volume":"29","author":"P Grother","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grother P, Tabassi E: Performance of biometric quality measures. EE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell 2007, 29(4):531-524.","journal-title":"EE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"130_CR5","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Biometric Consortium","author":"R Youmaran","year":"2006","unstructured":"Youmaran R, Adler A: Measuring biometric sample quality in terms of biometric information. In Proceedings of Biometric Consortium. Baltimore, Maryland; 19\u201321 September 2006:1-6."},{"key":"130_CR6","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems","author":"K Kryszczuk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kryszczuk K, Richiardi J, Drygajlo A: Impact of combining quality measures on biometric sample matching. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems. Washington DC; 28\u201330 September 2009:1-6."},{"issue":"5","key":"130_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2009.09.005","volume":"28","author":"JR Beveridge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beveridge JR, Givens GH, Phillips PJ, Draper BA, Bolme DS, Lui YM: FRVT 2006: quo vadis face quality. Image Vis. Comput 2010, 28(5):732-743. 10.1016\/j.imavis.2009.09.005","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"130_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2010.2041658","volume":"40","author":"ND Kalka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kalka ND, Zuo J, Schmid N, Cukic B: Estimating and fusing quality factors for iris biometric images. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern 2010, 40(3):509-524.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern"},{"issue":"3","key":"130_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2009.2028773","volume":"59","author":"A Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar A, Zhang D: Improving biometric authentication performance from the user quality. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas 2010, 59(3):730-735.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas"},{"issue":"1","key":"130_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.102","volume":"34","author":"N Poh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Poh N, Kittler J: A unified framework for multimodal biometric fusion incorporating quality measures. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell 2011, 34(1):3-18.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"130_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/790598","volume":"2011","author":"M-J Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen M-J, Bovik AC: No-reference image blur assessment using multiscale gradient. EURASIP J. Image Video Process 2011, 2011(1):1-11.","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Image Video Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"130_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-5281-2013-54","volume":"2013","author":"P Gastaldo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gastaldo P, Zunino R, Redi J: Supporting visual quality assessment with machine learning. EURASIP J. Image Video Process 2013, 2013(1):1-15. 10.1186\/1687-5281-2013-1","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Image Video Process"},{"key":"130_CR13","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Biometric Consortium","author":"RLV Hsu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hsu RLV, Shah J, Martin B: Quality assessment of facial images. In Proceedings of Biometric Consortium. Baltimore, Maryland; 19\u201321 September 2006:1-6."},{"key":"130_CR14","unstructured":"Tilton C: The BioAPI specification, 2002. National Standards Institute (2002)"},{"key":"130_CR15","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory Applications and Systems","author":"R Wong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong R, Poh N, Kittler J, Frohlich D: Interactive quality-driven feedback for biometric systems. In IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory Applications and Systems. Washington DC, USA; 27\u201329 Sept 2010:1-7."},{"key":"130_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ETCHB.2010.5559279","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Workshop on Emerging Trends and Challenges in Hand-Based Biometrics","author":"M Vatsa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vatsa M, Singh R, Tiwari A, Bharadwaj S, Bhatt HS: Analyzing fingerprint of Indian population using image quality: a UIDAI case study. In Proceedings of International Workshop on Emerging Trends and Challenges in Hand-Based Biometrics. Hong Kong; 26\u201329 September 2010:1-5."},{"key":"130_CR17","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","author":"S Bharadwaj","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bharadwaj S, Bhatt H, Vatsa M, Singh R, Noore A: Quality assessment based denoising to improve face recognition performance. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops. Colorado Springs; 21\u201323 June 2011:140-145."},{"issue":"3","key":"130_CR18","first-page":"880","volume":"41","author":"M Vatsa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vatsa M, Singh R, Ross A, Noore A: Integrated multilevel image fusion and match score fusion of visible and infrared face images for robust face recognition. Pattern Recogn. - Special Issue on Multimodal Biometrics 2008, 41(3):880-893.","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. - Special Issue on Multimodal Biometrics"},{"key":"130_CR19","first-page":"1314","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition","author":"M Vatsa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vatsa M, Singh R, Ross A, Noore A: Quality-based fusion for multichannel iris recognition. In Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition. Japan; 11\u201315 November 2010:1314-1317."},{"issue":"4","key":"130_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2009.2034885","volume":"4","author":"N Poh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Poh N, Bourlai T, Kittler J, Allano L, Alonso-Fernandez F, Ambekar O, Baker J, Dorizzi B, Fatukasi O, Fierrez J, Ganster H, Ortega-Garcia J, Maurer D, Salah AA, Scheidat T, Vielhauer C: Benchmarking quality-dependent and cost-sensitive score-level multimodal biometric fusion algorithms. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur 2009, 4(4):849-866.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur"},{"issue":"4","key":"130_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2007.10.007","volume":"88","author":"K Kryszczuk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kryszczuk K, Drygajlo A: Credence estimation and error prediction in biometric identity verification. Signal Process 2008, 88(4):916-925. 10.1016\/j.sigpro.2007.10.007","journal-title":"Signal Process"},{"key":"130_CR22","first-page":"473","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition","author":"K Nandakumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nandakumar K, Chen Y, Jain AK, Dass SC: Quality-based score level fusion in multibiometric systems. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition. Hong Kong; 20\u201324 August 2006:473-476."},{"issue":"3","key":"130_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2010.2056683","volume":"5","author":"M Vatsa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vatsa M, Singh R, Noore A, Ross A: On the dynamic selection of biometric fusion algorithms. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur 2010, 5(3):470-479.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur"},{"key":"130_CR24","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Information Society","author":"H Al-Assam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Assam H, Abboud A, Jassim S: Hidden assumption of face recognition evaluation under different quality conditions. In Proceedings of International Conference on Information Society. London, UK; 27\u201329 June 2011:27-32."},{"issue":"4","key":"130_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2009.2037989","volume":"59","author":"H Sellahewa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sellahewa H, Jassim SA: Image-quality-based adaptive face recognition. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas 2010, 59(4):805-813.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas"},{"key":"130_CR26","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Joint Conference on Biometrics","author":"H Bhatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhatt H, Bharadwaj S, Vatsa M, Singh R, Ross A, Noore A: A framework of quality-based biometric classifier selection. In Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Joint Conference on Biometrics. Washington DC; 11\u201313 October 2011:1-7."},{"key":"130_CR27","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group","author":"S Paul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Paul S, Gupta D, Tiwari A: Indexed search strategy for an automated biometric identification system. In Proceedings of the International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group. Darmstadt, Germany; 6\u20137 Sept 2012:1-6."},{"issue":"6","key":"130_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2010.2047498","volume":"40","author":"F Alonso-Fernandez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alonso-Fernandez F, Fierrez J, Ramos D, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J: Quality-based conditional processing in multi-biometrics: application to sensor interoperability. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern 2010, 40(6):1168-1179.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern"},{"key":"130_CR29","volume-title":"Combining multiple biometrics. World Wide Web electronic publication","author":"J Daugman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daugman J: Combining multiple biometrics. World Wide Web electronic publication. 2010.http:\/\/www.cl.cam.ac.uk\/~jgd1000\/combine\/combine.html . 10 May 2014"},{"key":"130_CR30","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems","author":"A Abaza","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abaza A, Ross A: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems. Italy; 2\u20135 June 2009:1-6."},{"issue":"5","key":"130_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2010.2089516","volume":"41","author":"A Kumar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kumar A, Shekhar S: Personal identification using multibiometrics rank-level fusion. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern 2011, 41(5):743-752.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern"},{"issue":"7","key":"130_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2010.01.009","volume":"28","author":"R Singh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh R, Vatsa M, Ross A, Noore A: Biometric classifier update using online learning: a case study in near infrared face verification. Image Vis. Comput 2010, 28(7):1098-1105. 10.1016\/j.imavis.2010.01.009","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput"},{"key":"130_CR33","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Joint Conference on Biometrics","author":"HS Bhatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhatt HS, Bharadwaj S, Singh R, Vatsa M, Noore A, Ross A: On co-training online biometric classifiers. In Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Joint Conference on Biometrics. Washington DC; 11\u201313 October 2011:1-7."},{"key":"130_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203910825","volume-title":"Handbook of Image Quality: Characterization and Prediction","author":"B Keelan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keelan B: Handbook of Image Quality: Characterization and Prediction. CRC Press, USA; 2002."},{"key":"130_CR35","unstructured":"Alanso-Fernandez F: Biometric quality assessment and its application in multimodal authentication systems. Thesis, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, 2007"},{"key":"130_CR36","first-page":"449","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advances in Soft Computing","author":"SK Modi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Modi SK, Elliott SJ: Impact of image quality on performance: comparison of young and elderly fingerprints. In Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advances in Soft Computing. United Kingdom; 10\u201312 July 2006:449-45."},{"issue":"8","key":"130_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2007.190696","volume":"20","author":"A Ross","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ross A, Nadgir R: A thin-plate spline calibration model for fingerprint sensor interoperability. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng 2008, 20(8):1097-1110.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"130_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.106","volume":"31","author":"E Murphy-Chutorian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murphy-Chutorian E, Trivedi MM: Head pose estimation in computer vision: a survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell 2009, 31(4):607-626.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"130_CR39","first-page":"572","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition and Workshops","author":"JR Beveridge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beveridge JR, Phillips PJ, Givens GH, Draper BA, Teli MN, Bolme DS: When high-quality face images match poorly. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition and Workshops. Santa Barbara, CA; March 21\u201325 2011:572-578."},{"key":"130_CR40","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Proceedings of Conference of Image Processing, Image Quality, Image Capture, Systems","author":"S Yendrikhovskij","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yendrikhovskij S: Image quality: between science and fiction. In Proceedings of Conference of Image Processing, Image Quality, Image Capture, Systems. Georgia; 25\u201328 April 1999:173-178."},{"issue":"12","key":"130_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2214050","volume":"21","author":"A Mittal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mittal A, Moorthy AK, Bovik AC: No-reference image quality assessment in the spatial domain. IEEE Trans. Image Process 2012, 21(12):4695-4708.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"issue":"4","key":"130_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2007.908228","volume":"2","author":"F Alonso-Fernandez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alonso-Fernandez F, Fierrez J, Ortega-Garcia J, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J, Fronthaler H, Kollreider K, Bigun J: A comparative study of fingerprint image-quality estimation methods. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur 2007, 2(4):734-743.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur"},{"issue":"6","key":"130_CR43","first-page":"52","volume":"10","author":"F Alonso-Fernandez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alonso-Fernandez F, Fierrez J, Ortega-Garcia J: Quality measures in biometric systems. IEEE Secur. Privacy 2012, 10(6):52-62.","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Privacy"},{"key":"130_CR44","first-page":"1253","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Singapore","author":"TP Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen TP, Jiang X, Yau WY: Fingerprint image quality analysis. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Singapore 24\u201327 October 2004, 1253-1256."},{"issue":"1","key":"130_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2008.01.009","volume":"50","author":"M Vatsa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vatsa M, Singh R, Noore A, Houck MM: Quality-augmented fusion of level-2 and level-3 fingerprint information using DSm theory. Int. J. Approximate Reasoning 2009, 50(1):51-61. 10.1016\/j.ijar.2008.01.009","journal-title":"Int. J. Approximate Reasoning"},{"key":"130_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.7151","volume-title":"Fingerprint image quality (NISTIR 7151)","author":"E Tabassi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tabassi E, Wilson CL, Watson CI: Fingerprint image quality (NISTIR 7151). 2004. . 10 May 2014 ftp:\/\/sequoyah.nist.gov\/pub\/nist_internal_reports\/ir_7151\/ir_7151.pdf"},{"key":"130_CR47","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","author":"H Fronthaler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fronthaler H, Kollreider K, Bigun J: Automatic image quality assessment with application in biometrics. In Proceedings of IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops. New York; 17\u201322 June 2006:30-30."},{"key":"130_CR48","first-page":"469","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Conference on Image Processing","author":"E Lim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lim E, Jiang X, Yau W: Fingerprint quality and validity analysis. In Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Conference on Image Processing. Rochester, New York; 22\u201325 September 2002:469-472."},{"key":"130_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45344-X_39","volume-title":"Proceedings of Audio and Video Based Biometric Person Authentication","author":"L Shen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shen L, Kot A, Koo W: Quality measures of fingerprint images. In Proceedings of Audio and Video Based Biometric Person Authentication. Halmstad, Sweden; 6\u20138 June 2001:266-271."},{"key":"130_CR50","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Proceedings of IAPR International Conference on Biometrics","author":"MA Olsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olsen MA, Xu H, Busch C: Gabor filters as candidate quality measure for NFIQ 2.0. In Proceedings of IAPR International Conference on Biometrics. New Delhi, India; 29 March to 1 April 2012:158-163."},{"key":"130_CR51","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference of the Special Interest Group on Biometrics","author":"O Barringer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barringer O, Tabassi E: Fingerprint sample quality metric NFIQ 2.0. In Proceedings of the International Conference of the Special Interest Group on Biometrics. Darmstadt, Germany; 8\u20139 Sept 2011:167-171."},{"key":"130_CR52","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IAPR International Conference of Biometrics","author":"K Phromsuthirak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phromsuthirak K, Areekul V: Fingerprint quality assessment using frequency and orientation subbands of block-based Fourier transform. In Proceedings of IAPR International Conference of Biometrics. Madrid, Spain; 4\u20137 June 2013:1-7."},{"key":"130_CR53","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","author":"MA Olsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olsen MA, Tabassi E, Makarov A, Busch C: Self-organizing maps for fingerprint image quality assessment. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops. Portland; 23\u201328 June 2013:1-7."},{"issue":"1","key":"130_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.12.015","volume":"226","author":"RA Hicklin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hicklin RA, Buscaglia J, Roberts MA: Assessing the clarity of friction ridge impressions. Forensic Sci. Int 2013, 226(1):106-117.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int"},{"key":"130_CR55","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems","author":"S Yoon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yoon S, Cao K, Liu E, Jain AK: LFIQ: Latent fingerprint image quality. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems. Washington DC; 29 September to 2 October 2013:1-1."},{"key":"130_CR56","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems","author":"A Sankaran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sankaran A, Vatsa M, Singh R: Automated clarity and quality assessment for latent fingerprints: a preliminary study. In Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems. Washington DC; 29 September to 2 October 2013:1-7."},{"issue":"9","key":"130_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2013.02.004","volume":"46","author":"Z Haddad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Haddad Z, Beghdadi A, Serir A, Mokraoui A: Wave atoms based compression method for fingerprint images. Pattern Recognit 2013, 46(9):2450-2464. 10.1016\/j.patcog.2013.02.004","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"11","key":"130_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.818350","volume":"14","author":"J Daugman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Daugman J: How iris recognition works. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Video Tech 2004, 14(11):21-30.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Video Tech"},{"key":"130_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y, Dass S, Jain A: Localized iris image quality using 2-D wavelets, Advances in Biometrics, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg; pp. 373\u2013381","DOI":"10.1007\/11608288_50"},{"key":"130_CR60","first-page":"120","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop","author":"Z Jinyu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jinyu Z, Schmid NA: Global and local quality measures for NIR iris video. In Proceedings of IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop. Miami, Florida; 20\u201325 June 2009:120-125."},{"issue":"1","key":"130_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2010.2086446","volume":"6","author":"H Proen\u00e7a","year":"2011","unstructured":"Proen\u00e7a H: Quality assessment of degraded iris images acquired in the visible wavelength. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur 2011, 6(1):82-95.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur"},{"issue":"9","key":"130_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.01.004","volume":"42","author":"A Abhyankar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abhyankar A, Schuckers S: Iris quality assessment and bi-orthogonal wavelet based encoding for recognition. Pattern Recognit 2009, 42(9):1878-1894. 10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.01.004","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"130_CR63","volume-title":"A protocol for multibiometric data acquisition, storage and dissemination","author":"S Crihalmeanu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Crihalmeanu S, Ross A, Schuckers S, Hornak L: A protocol for multibiometric data acquisition, storage and dissemination. Technical Report, West Virginia University; 2007."},{"key":"130_CR64","first-page":"4077","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","author":"J Zuo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zuo J, Nicolo F, Schmid NA, Wechsler H: Adaptive biometric authentication using nonlinear mappings on quality measures and verification scores. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. Hong Kong; 26\u201329 September 2010:4077-4080."},{"issue":"6","key":"130_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2259157","volume":"8","author":"J Zuo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zuo J, Schmid NA: Adaptive quality-based performance prediction and boosting for iris authentication: methodology and its illustration. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur 2013, 8(6):1051-1060.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur"},{"key":"130_CR66","first-page":"732","volume-title":"International Symposium on Communication Systems Networks and Digital Signal Processing","author":"A Baig","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baig A, Bouridane A, Kurugollu F: A novel modality independent score-level quality measure. In International Symposium on Communication Systems Networks and Digital Signal Processing. Machester, UK; 23\u201325 July 2010:732-735."},{"issue":"4","key":"130_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2009.10.001","volume":"90","author":"Y Du","year":"2010","unstructured":"Du Y, Belcher C, Zhou Z, Ives R: Feature correlation evaluation approach for iris feature quality measure. Signal Process 2010, 90(4):1176-1187. 10.1016\/j.sigpro.2009.10.001","journal-title":"Signal Process"},{"key":"130_CR68","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IAPR International Conference of Biometrics","author":"F Alonso-Fernandez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alonso-Fernandez F, Bigun J: Quality factors affecting iris segmentation and matching. In Proceedings of IAPR International Conference of Biometrics. Madrid, Spain; 4\u20137 June 2013:1-7."},{"key":"130_CR69","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis","author":"M Subasic","year":"2005","unstructured":"Subasic M, Loncaric S, Petkovic T, Bogunovic H, Krivec V: Face image validation system. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis. Zagreb, Croatia; 15\u201317 September 2005:30-33."},{"key":"130_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74549-5_26","volume-title":"Proceedings of Advances in Biometrics","author":"X Gao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gao X, Li S, Liu R, Zhang P: Standardization of face image sample quality. Proceedings of Advances in Biometrics 2007, 242-251."},{"issue":"7","key":"130_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","volume":"24","author":"T Ojala","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ojala T, Pietikainen M, Maenpaa T: Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell 2002, 24(7):971-987. 10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"130_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10520-3_47","volume-title":"Advances in Visual Computing, Las Vegas","author":"G Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang G, Wang Y: Asymmetry-based quality assessment of face images. In Advances in Visual Computing, Las Vegas. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg; 2009:499-508."},{"key":"130_CR73","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","author":"Y Wong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong Y, Chen S, Mau S, Sanderson C, Lovell BC: Patch-based probabilistic image quality assessment for face selection and improved video-based face recognition. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops. Colorado Springs; 21\u201323 June 2011:74-81."},{"key":"130_CR74","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Face quality assessment system in video sequences. Biometrics and identity management, Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"K Nasrollahi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nasrollahi K, Moeslund T: Face quality assessment system in video sequences. Biometrics and identity management, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg; 2008. pp. 10\u201318"},{"key":"130_CR75","first-page":"275","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Image and Graphics","author":"J Long","year":"2011","unstructured":"Long J, Li S: Near infrared face image quality assessment system of video sequences. In Proceedings of International Conference on Image and Graphics. Hefei, China; 12\u201315 August 2011:275-279."},{"key":"130_CR76","volume-title":"Quality assessment and restoration of face images in long range\/high zoom video. Biometrics and Identity Management. Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Y Yao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yao Y, Abidi B, Abidi M: Quality assessment and restoration of face images in long range\/high zoom video. Biometrics and Identity Management. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg; 2007. 43\u201360"},{"key":"130_CR77","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems","author":"B Klare","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klare B, Jain AK: Face recognition: impostor-based measures of uniqueness and quality. In Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems. Washington DC; 23\u201326 September 2012:23-26."},{"issue":"2","key":"130_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","volume":"60","author":"DG Lowe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lowe DG: Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int. J. Comput. Vis 2004, 60(2):91-110.","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis"},{"key":"130_CR79","first-page":"346","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition and Workshops","author":"PJ Phillips","year":"2011","unstructured":"Phillips PJ, Beveridge JR, Draper BA, Givens G, O\u2019Toole AJ, Bolme DS, Dunlop J, Lui YM, Sahibzada H, Weimer S: An introduction to the good, the bad, and the ugly face recognition challenge problem. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition and Workshops. Santa Barbara, CA; 21\u201325 March 2011:346-353."},{"issue":"5","key":"130_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.59","volume":"32","author":"PJ Phillips","year":"2010","unstructured":"Phillips PJ, Scruggs WT, O\u2019Toole AJ, Flynn PJ, Bowyer KW, Schott CL, Sharpe M: FRVT 2006 and ICE 2006 large-scale experimental results. IEEE Trans.Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell 2010, 32(5):831-846.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans.Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"130_CR81","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems","author":"PJ Phillips","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phillips PJ, Beveridge JR, Bolme DS, Draper BA, Given GH, Lui YM, Cheng S, Teli MN, Zhang H: On the existence of face quality measures. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems. Washington DC; 29 September to 2 October 2013:1-8."},{"key":"130_CR82","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision","author":"G Aggarwal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aggarwal G, Biswas S, Flynn PJ, Bowyer KW: Predicting good, bad and ugly match pairs. In Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision. Breckenridge, Colorado; 9\u201311 January 2012:153-160."},{"key":"130_CR83","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Conference on Biometrics","author":"F Hua","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hua F, Johnson P, Sazonova N, Lopez-Meyer P, Schuckers S: Impact of out-of-focus blur on face recognition performance based on modular transfer function. In Proceedings of IEEE\/IAPR International Conference on Biometrics. New Delhi, India; 29 March to 1 April 2012:85-90."},{"key":"130_CR84","volume-title":"EURASIPJ. Image Video Process","author":"C Shaokang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shaokang C, Sandra M, Mehrtash TH, Conrad S, Abbas B, Brian CL: Face recognition from still images to video sequences: a local-feature-based framework. EURASIPJ. Image Video Process 2011., 2011:"},{"key":"130_CR85","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition","author":"JR Beveridge","year":"2008","unstructured":"Beveridge JR, Givens GH, Phillips PJ, Draper BA, Bolme DS, Lui YM: Focus on quality, predicting FRVT 2006 performance. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition. Amsterdam, Netherlands; 17\u201319 September 2008:1-8."},{"key":"130_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grother PJ, Quinn GW, Phillips PJ: Report on the evaluation of 2D still-image face recognition algorithms. National Institute of Standards and Technology (2010)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.7709"},{"key":"130_CR87","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","author":"S Bharadwaj","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bharadwaj S, Vatsa M, Singh R: Can holistic representations be used for face biometric quality assessment? In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. Melbourne, Australia; 15\u201318 September 2013:1-7."},{"issue":"1","key":"130_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2011-1","volume":"2011","author":"H Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi H, Lee C: No-reference image quality metric based on image classification. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process 2011, 2011(1):1-11. 10.1186\/1687-6180-2011-1","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process"},{"key":"130_CR89","first-page":"550","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis","author":"L Breitenbach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Breitenbach L, Chawdhry P: Image quality assessment and performance evaluation for multimodal biometric recognition using face and iris. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis. Salzburg, Austria; 16\u201318 Sept 2009:550-555."},{"key":"130_CR90","first-page":"309","volume-title":"International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security","author":"J Changlong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Changlong J, Hakil K, Cui X, Park E, Kim J, Hwang J, Elliott S: Comparative assessment of fingerprint sample quality measures based on minutiae-based matching performance. In International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security. Sanya, China; 22\u201324 May 2009:309-313."},{"key":"130_CR91","unstructured":"NIST . 10 May 2014 http:\/\/www.nist.gov\/itl\/iad\/ig\/nbis.cfm"},{"key":"130_CR92","unstructured":". 10 May 2014 http:\/\/www.neurotechnology.com"},{"issue":"4","key":"130_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1117\/12.56114","volume":"31","author":"N Nill","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nill N, Bouzas B: Objective image quality measure derived from digital image power spectra. Opt. Eng 1992, 31(4):813-825. 10.1117\/12.56114","journal-title":"Opt. Eng"},{"key":"130_CR94","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Singapore","author":"P Marziliano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marziliano P, Dufaux F, Winkler S, Ebrahimi T: A no-reference perceptual blur metric. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Singapore Oct. 24\u201327 2004, 57-60."},{"issue":"4","key":"130_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang Z, Bovik AC, Sheikh HR, Simoncelli EP: Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process 2004, 13(4):600-612. 10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"130_CR96","unstructured":"OpenCV Library . 10 May 2014 http:\/\/opencv.org\/"},{"key":"130_CR97","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Conference of Biometrics","author":"X Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li X, Sun Z, Tan T: Predict and improve iris recognition performance based on pairwise image quality assessment. In Proceedings of International Conference of Biometrics. Madrid, Spain; 4\u20137 June 2013:1-8."},{"issue":"5","key":"130_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2204253","volume":"7","author":"H Iwama","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iwama H, Okumura M, Makihara Y, Yagi Y: The OU-ISIR gait database comprising the large population dataset and performance evaluation of gait recognition. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur 2012, 7(5):1511-1521.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur"},{"key":"130_CR99","first-page":"414","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems","author":"PJ Phillips","year":"2009","unstructured":"Phillips PJ, Beveridge JR: An introduction to biometric-completeness: the equivalence of matching and quality. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems. Washington DC; 28\u201330 September 2009:414-418."},{"issue":"4","key":"130_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang Z, Bovik AC, Sheikh HR, Simoncelli EP: Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process 2004, 13(4):600-612. 10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"issue":"7","key":"130_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2009.2018014","volume":"18","author":"X Gao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gao X, Lu W, Tao D, Li X: Image quality assessment based on multiscale geometric analysis. IEEE Trans. Image Process 2009, 18(7):1409-1423.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"130_CR102","unstructured":"What is CBEFF (Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework)? (2004) http:\/\/www.ibia.org\/cbeff\/#what_is_cbeff"},{"key":"130_CR103","unstructured":"Department of Information Technology: Face image data standard for e-governance applications in India. Government of India 2005."},{"key":"130_CR104","unstructured":"Aadhaar project. Government of India . http:\/\/uidai.gov.in\/"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1687-5281-2014-34.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1687-5281-2014-34\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1687-5281-2014-34.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T23:06:51Z","timestamp":1689376011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jivp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1687-5281-2014-34"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,2]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1687-5281-2014-34","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-5281"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-5281","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"34"}}