{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:00:36Z","timestamp":1777042836181,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,27]],"date-time":"2012-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2012-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,30]],"date-time":"2012-01-30T18:55:59Z","timestamp":1327949759000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Facial expression recognition using local binary patterns and discriminant kernel locally linear embedding"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"150_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1140.001.0001","volume-title":"Affective Computing","author":"RW Picard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Picard RW: Affective Computing. The MIT Press, Cambridge; 2000."},{"key":"150_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27257-7_12","volume-title":"Facial expression analysis, Handbook of face recognition","author":"Y Tian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tian Y, Kanade T, Cohn J: Facial expression analysis, Handbook of face recognition. Springer, Heidelberg; 2005:247-275."},{"issue":"2","key":"150_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb","volume":"57","author":"P Viola","year":"2004","unstructured":"Viola P, Jones M: Robust real-time face detection. Int J Comput Vision 2004, 57(2):137-154.","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vision"},{"key":"150_CR4","first-page":"586","volume-title":"IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","author":"MA Turk","year":"1991","unstructured":"Turk MA, Pentland AP: Face recognition using eigenfaces. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE Computer Society, HI USA; 1991:586-591."},{"issue":"7","key":"150_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1109\/34.598228","volume":"19","author":"PN Belhumeur","year":"1997","unstructured":"Belhumeur PN, Hespanha JP, Kriegman DJ: Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 1997, 19(7):711-720. 10.1109\/34.598228","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"150_CR6","first-page":"10","volume":"2010","author":"CC Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee CC, Huang SS, Shih CY: Facial affect recognition using regularized discriminant analysis-based algorithms. EURASIP J Adv Signal Process 2010, 2010: 10.","journal-title":"EURASIP J Adv Signal Process"},{"issue":"7","key":"150_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1109\/29.1644","volume":"36","author":"JG Daugman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Daugman JG: Complete discrete 2-D Gabor transforms by neural networks for image analysis and compression. IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Process 1988, 36(7):1169-1179. 10.1109\/29.1644","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Process"},{"key":"150_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1155\/ASP\/2006\/30274","volume":"2006","author":"L Shen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shen L, Bai L: Information theory for Gabor feature selection for face recognition. EURASIP J Adv Signal Process 2006, 2006: 11.","journal-title":"EURASIP J Adv Signal Process"},{"issue":"12","key":"150_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.244","volume":"28","author":"T Ahonen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ahonen T, Hadid A, Pietik\u00e4inen M: Face description with local binary patterns: Application to face recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2006, 28(12):2037-2041.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"7","key":"150_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","volume":"24","author":"T Ojala","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ojala T, Pietik\u00e4inen M, M\u00e4enp\u00e4\u00e4 T: Multiresolution gray scale and rotation invariant texture analysis with local binary patterns. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2002, 24(7):971-987. 10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"150_CR11","first-page":"370","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","author":"C Shan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shan C, Gong S, McOwan P: Robust facial expression recognition using local binary patterns. In IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). Volume 2. IEEE Computer Society, Italy; 2005:370-373."},{"issue":"6","key":"150_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.08.005","volume":"27","author":"C Shan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shan C, Gong S, McOwan P: Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: a comprehensive study. Image Vis Comput 2009, 27(6):803-816. 10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.08.005","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"150_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2010.12.001","volume":"115","author":"S Moore","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moore S, Bowden R: Local binary patterns for multi-view facial expression recognition. Comput Vis Image Understand 2011, 115: 541-558. 10.1016\/j.cviu.2010.12.001","journal-title":"Comput Vis Image Understand"},{"issue":"2","key":"150_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1109\/34.908962","volume":"23","author":"Y Tian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tian Y, Kanade T, Cohn J: Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2002, 23(2):97-115.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"12","key":"150_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1109\/34.817413","volume":"21","author":"MJ Lyons","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lyons MJ, Budynek J, Akamatsu S: Automatic classification of single facial images. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 1999, 21(12):1357-1362. 10.1109\/34.817413","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"12","key":"150_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2005.12.021","volume":"25","author":"N Sebe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sebe N, Lew MS, Sun Y, Cohen I, Gevers T, Huang TS: Authentic facial expression analysis. Image Vis Comput 2007, 25(12):1856-1863. 10.1016\/j.imavis.2005.12.021","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"150_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.884954","volume":"16","author":"I Kotsia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kotsia I, Pitas I: Facial expression recognition in image sequences using geometric deformation features and support vector machines. IEEE Trans on Image Process 2007, 16(1):172-187.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans on Image Process"},{"key":"150_CR18","first-page":"28","volume-title":"IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures","author":"Y Chang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chang Y, Hu C, Turk M: Manifold of facial expression. In IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures. IEEE Computer Society, France; 2003:28-35."},{"key":"150_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/11573425_22","volume-title":"Computer Vision in Human-Computer Interaction, Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"C Shan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shan C, Gong S, McOwan PW: Appearance manifold of facial expression. In Computer Vision in Human-Computer Interaction, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Volume 3766. Springer, China; 2005:221-230. 10.1007\/11573425_22"},{"issue":"6","key":"150_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2005.08.006","volume":"24","author":"Y Chang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chang Y, Hu C, Feris R, et al.: Manifold based analysis of facial expression. Image Vis Comput 2006, 24(6):605-614. 10.1016\/j.imavis.2005.08.006","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"issue":"5500","key":"150_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5500.2323","volume":"290","author":"ST Roweis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roweis ST, Saul LK: Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding. Science 2000, 290(5500):2323-2326. 10.1126\/science.290.5500.2323","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5500","key":"150_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5500.2319","volume":"290","author":"JB Tenenbaum","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tenenbaum JB, de Silva V, Langford JC: A global geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Science 2000, 290(5500):2319-2323. 10.1126\/science.290.5500.2319","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"150_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.10.010","volume":"42","author":"Y Cheon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheon Y, Kim D: Natural facial expression recognition using differential-AAM and manifold learning. Pattern Recogn 2009, 42(7):1340-1350. 10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.10.010","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"150_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.07.017","volume":"44","author":"R Xiao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xiao R, Zhao Q, Zhang D, Shi P: Facial expression recognition on multiple manifolds. Pattern Recogn 2011, 44(1):107-116. 10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.07.017","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"150_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44989-2_40","volume-title":"Artificial Neural Networks and Neural Information Processing-ICANN\/ICONIP-2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"D de Ridder","year":"2003","unstructured":"de Ridder D, Kouropteva O, Okun O, Pietik\u00e4inen M, Duin RPW: Supervised locally linear embedding. In Artificial Neural Networks and Neural Information Processing-ICANN\/ICONIP-2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Volume 2714. Springer, Heidelberg; 2003:333-341. 10.1007\/3-540-44989-2_40"},{"issue":"6","key":"150_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2008.10.055","volume":"57","author":"L Zhao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhao L, Zhang Z: Supervised locally linear embedding with probability-based distance for classification. Comput Math Appl 2009, 57(6):919-926. 10.1016\/j.camwa.2008.10.055","journal-title":"Comput Math Appl"},{"issue":"12","key":"150_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.05.027","volume":"42","author":"B Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li B, Zheng C-H, Huang D-S: Locally linear discriminant embedding: An efficient method for face recognition. Pattern Recogn 2008, 42(12):3813-3821.","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"15","key":"150_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.04.011","volume":"26","author":"D Liang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liang D, Yang J, Zheng Z, Chang Yuchou: A facial expression recognition system based on supervised locally linear embedding. Pattern Recogn Lett 2005, 26(15):2374-2389. 10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.04.011","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"150_CR29","first-page":"46","volume-title":"International Conference on Face and Gesture Recognition","author":"T Kanade","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kanade T, Tian Y, Cohn J: Comprehensive database for facial expression analysis. In International Conference on Face and Gesture Recognition. Volume 4. IEEE Computer Society, France; 2000:46-53."},{"key":"150_CR30","first-page":"301","volume-title":"The kernel trick for distances, in advances in neural information processing systems","author":"B Scholkopf","year":"2001","unstructured":"Scholkopf B: The kernel trick for distances, in advances in neural information processing systems. MIT Press Cambridge, Canada; 2001:301-307."},{"issue":"5","key":"150_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017467","volume":"10","author":"B Scholkopf","year":"1998","unstructured":"Scholkopf B, Smola A, Muller K: Nonlinear component analysis as a kernel eigenvalue problem. Neural Comput 1998, 10(5):1299-1319. 10.1162\/089976698300017467","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"issue":"10","key":"150_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1162\/089976600300014980","volume":"12","author":"G Baudat","year":"2000","unstructured":"Baudat G, Anouar F: Generalized discriminant analysis using a kernel approach. Neural comput 2000, 12(10):2385-2404. 10.1162\/089976600300014980","journal-title":"Neural comput"},{"key":"150_CR33","first-page":"1473","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"J Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhang Z, Zha H: Adaptive manifold learning. In Advances in neural information processing systems. Volume 17. MIT Press Cambridge, Canada; 2005:1473-1480."},{"key":"150_CR34","first-page":"119","volume":"4","author":"LK Saul","year":"2003","unstructured":"Saul LK, Roweis ST: Think globally, fit locally: unsupervised learning of low dimensional manifolds. J Mach Learn Res 2003, 4: 119-155.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"150_CR35","first-page":"1002","volume-title":"International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing","author":"P Campadelli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Campadelli P, Lanzarotti R, Lipori G, Salvi E: Face and facial feature localization. In International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing. Springer, Heidelberg, Italy; 2005:1002-1009."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1687-6180-2012-20\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1687-6180-2012-20.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1687-6180-2012-20.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T11:46:01Z","timestamp":1593603961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1687-6180-2012-20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,27]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1687-6180-2012-20","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-6180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-6180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,27]]},"article-number":"20"}}