{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:36:22Z","timestamp":1792640182359,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,14]],"date-time":"2005-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,14]],"date-time":"2005-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract\n<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background\n<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Excessive sequential stereotypy of behavioral patterns (sequential super-stereotypy) in Tourette's syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is thought to involve dysfunction in nigrostriatal dopamine systems. In sequential super-stereotypy, patients become trapped in overly rigid sequential patterns of action, language, or thought. Some instinctive behavioral patterns of animals, such as the syntactic grooming chain pattern of rodents, have sufficiently complex and stereotyped serial structure to detect potential production of overly-rigid sequential patterns. A syntactic grooming chain is a fixed action pattern that serially links up to 25 grooming movements into 4 predictable phases that follow 1 syntactic rule. New mutant mouse models allow gene-based manipulation of brain function relevant to sequential patterns, but no current animal model of spontaneous OCD-like behaviors has so far been reported to exhibit sequential super-stereotypy in the sense of a whole complex serial pattern that becomes stronger and excessively rigid. Here we used a hyper-dopaminergic mutant mouse to examine whether an OCD-like behavioral sequence in animals shows sequential super-stereotypy. Knockdown mutation of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT) causes extracellular dopamine levels in the neostriatum of these adult mutant mice to rise to 170% of wild-type control levels.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results\n<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>We found that the serial pattern of this instinctive behavioral sequence becomes strengthened as an entire entity in hyper-dopaminergic mutants, and more resistant to interruption. Hyper-dopaminergic mutant mice have stronger and more rigid syntactic grooming chain patterns than wild-type control mice. Mutants showed sequential super-stereotypy in the sense of having more stereotyped and predictable syntactic grooming sequences, and were also more likely to resist disruption of the pattern en route, by returning after a disruption to complete the pattern from the appropriate point in the sequence. By contrast, wild-type mice exhibited weaker forms of the fixed action pattern, and often failed to complete the full sequence.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions\n<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Sequential super-stereotypy occurs in the complex fixed action patterns of hyper-dopaminergic mutant mice. Elucidation of the basis for sequential super-stereotypy of instinctive behavior in DAT knockdown mutant mice may offer insights into neural mechanisms of overly-rigid sequences of action or thought in human patients with disorders such as Tourette's or OCD.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-3-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]],"date-time":"2005-02-15T07:25:23Z","timestamp":1108452323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":250,"title":["Sequential super-stereotypy of an instinctive fixed action pattern in hyper-dopaminergic mutant mice: a model of obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette's"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Kent C","family":"Berridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Wayne","family":"Aldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly R","family":"Houchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"32_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000076181.39162.FC","volume":"61","author":"RL Albin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Albin RL, Koeppe RA, Bohnen NI, Nichols TE, Meyer P, Wernette K, Minoshima S, Kilbourn MR, Frey KA: Increased ventral striatal monoaminergic innervation in Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2003, 61 (3): 310-315.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"32_CR2","unstructured":"Albin RL: Neurobiology of Basal Ganglia and Tourette Syndrome: Striatal and Dopamine Function. Tourette Syndrome. Edited by: Walkup J. New York: Raven Press"},{"issue":"6","key":"32_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001144","volume":"7","author":"EJ Nordstrom","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nordstrom EJ, Burton FH: A transgenic model of comorbid Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder circuitry. Mol Psychiatry. 2002, 7 (6): 617-625. 10.1038\/sj.mp.4001144. 524.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"32_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1245-7","volume":"30","author":"CH Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim CH, Koo MS, Cheon KA, Ryu YH, Lee JD, Lee HS: Dopamine transporter density of basal ganglia assessed with [123I]IPT SPET in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003, 30 (12): 1637-1643. 10.1007\/s00259-003-1245-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"32_CR5","first-page":"207","volume":"85","author":"SL Rauch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rauch SL, Whalen PJ, Curran T, Shin LM, Coffey BJ, Savage CR, McInerney SC, Baer L, Jenike MA: Probing striato-thalamic function in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome using neuroimaging methods. Adv Neurol. 2001, 85: 207-224.","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"32_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.4.415","volume":"60","author":"BS Peterson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peterson BS, Thomas P, Kane MJ, Scahill L, Zhang H, Bronen R, King RA, Leckman JF, Staib L: Basal Ganglia volumes in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003, 60 (4): 415-424. 10.1001\/archpsyc.60.4.415.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"32_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0746-9","volume":"249","author":"KH Krause","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krause KH, Dresel S, Krause J, Kung HF, Tatsch K, Lochmuller H: Elevated striatal dopamine transporter in a drug naive patient with Tourette syndrome and attention deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder: positive effect of methylphenidate. J Neurol. 2002, 249 (8): 1116-1118. 10.1007\/s00415-002-0746-9.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"32_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(03)90002-7","volume":"25","author":"E Saka","year":"2003","unstructured":"Saka E, Graybiel AM: Pathophysiology of Tourette's syndrome: striatal pathways revisited. Brain Dev. 2003, 25 (Suppl 1): S15-19. 10.1016\/S0387-7604(03)90002-7.","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"32_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00113-6","volume":"28","author":"AM Graybiel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graybiel AM, Rauch SL: Toward a neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuron. 2000, 28 (2): 343-347. 10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00113-6.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"32_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(03)90010-6","volume":"25","author":"MA Grados","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grados MA, Walkup J, Walford S: Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorders: new findings and challenges. Brain Dev. 2003, 25 (Suppl 1): S55-61. 10.1016\/S0387-7604(03)90010-6.","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"32_CR11","first-page":"30","volume":"63","author":"MT Pato","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pato MT, Pato CN, Pauls DL: Recent findings in the genetics of OCD. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002, 63 (Suppl 6): 30-33.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"32_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001411","volume":"9","author":"A Diaz-Anzaldua","year":"2004","unstructured":"Diaz-Anzaldua A, Joober R, Riviere JB, Dion Y, Lesperance P, Richer F, Chouinard S, Rouleau GA: Tourette syndrome and dopaminergic genes: a family-based association study in the French Canadian founder population. Mol Psychiatry. 2004, 9 (3): 272-277. 10.1038\/sj.mp.4001411.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00575-X","volume":"33","author":"AM Graybiel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Graybiel AM, Saka E: A genetic basis for obsessive grooming. Neuron. 2002, 33 (1): 1-2. 10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00575-X.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"32_CR14","volume-title":"Human language and our reptilian brain: the subcortical bases of speech, syntax, and thought","author":"P Lieberman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lieberman P: Human language and our reptilian brain: the subcortical bases of speech, syntax, and thought. 2000, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press"},{"key":"32_CR15","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Functions of the Basal Ganglia","author":"CD Marsden","year":"1984","unstructured":"Marsden CD: Which motor disorder in Parkinson's disease indicates the true motor function of the basal ganglia?. Functions of the Basal Ganglia. Edited by: Evered D, O'Conner M . 1984, London: Pitman, 225-237."},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998563815","volume":"10","author":"GS Berns","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berns GS, Sejnowski TJ: A computational model of how the basal ganglia produce sequences. J Cogn Neurosci. 1998, 10 (1): 108-121. 10.1162\/089892998563815.","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"32_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00047-3","volume":"15","author":"D Joel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Joel D, Niv Y, Ruppin E: Actor-critic models of the basal ganglia: new anatomical and computational perspectives. Neural Netw. 2002, 15 (4\u20136): 535-547. 10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00047-3.","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"issue":"6","key":"32_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80037-7","volume":"6","author":"RB Ivry","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ivry RB: The representation of temporal information in perception and motor control. Cur Opin Neurobio. 1996, 6 (6): 851-857. 10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80037-7.","journal-title":"Cur Opin Neurobio"},{"issue":"6","key":"32_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.6.3168","volume":"79","author":"DG Beiser","year":"1998","unstructured":"Beiser DG, Houk JC: Model of cortical-basal ganglionic processing: encoding the serial order of sensory events. J Neurophysiol. 1998, 79 (6): 3168-3188.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"32_CR20","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Cerebral mechanisms of behavior","author":"KS Lashley","year":"1951","unstructured":"Lashley KS: The problem of serial order in behavior. Cerebral mechanisms of behavior. Edited by: Jefferies LA. 1951, New York: Wiley, 112-136."},{"issue":"5598","key":"32_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.298.5598.1569","volume":"298","author":"MD Hauser","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hauser MD, Chomsky N, Fitch WT: The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?. Science. 2002, 298 (5598): 1569-1579. 10.1126\/science.298.5598.1569.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5656","key":"32_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093993","volume":"303","author":"D Premack","year":"2004","unstructured":"Premack D: Psychology. Is language the key to human intelligence?. Science. 2004, 303 (5656): 318-320. 10.1126\/science.1093993.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5410","key":"32_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/244052a0","volume":"244","author":"JC Fentress","year":"1973","unstructured":"Fentress JC, Stilwell FP: Grammar of a movement sequence in inbred mice. Nature. 1973, 244 (5410): 52-53.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"32_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1139\/y04-061","volume":"82","author":"JW Aldridge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aldridge JW, Berridge KC, Rosen AR: Basal ganglia neural mechanisms of natural movement sequences. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2004, 82 (8\u20139): 732-739. 10.1139\/y04-061.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"32_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.03.005","volume":"154","author":"DA Hamilton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hamilton DA, Rosenfelt CS, Whishaw IQ: Sequential control of navigation by locale and taxon cues in the Morris water task. Behav Brain Res. 2004, 154 (2): 385-397. 10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.03.005.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"32_CR26","first-page":"141","volume-title":"The behavior of the laboratory rat: a handbook with tests","author":"JW Aldridge","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aldridge JW: Grooming. The behavior of the laboratory rat: a handbook with tests. Edited by: Whishaw IQ, Kolb B. 2005, New York: Oxford University Press, 141-149."},{"issue":"7","key":"32_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-07-02777.1998","volume":"18","author":"JW Aldridge","year":"1998","unstructured":"Aldridge JW, Berridge KC: Coding of serial order by neostriatal neurons: A \"natural action\" approach to movement sequence. J Neurosci. 1998, 18 (7): 2777-2787.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"32_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.02210.x","volume":"16","author":"M Meyer-Luehmann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Meyer-Luehmann M, Thompson JF, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW: Substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons code initiation of a serial pattern: implications for natural action sequences and sequential disorders. Eur J Neurosci. 2002, 16 (8): 1599-1608. 10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.02210.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"32_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00164-1","volume":"79","author":"LR Baxter Jr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baxter LR: Basal ganglia systems in ritualistic social displays: reptiles and humans; function and illness. Physiol Behav. 2003, 79 (3): 451-460. 10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00164-1.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"32_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.3.911","volume":"74","author":"I Kermadi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kermadi I, Joseph JP: Activity in the caudate nucleus of monkey during spatial sequencing. J Neurophysiol. 1995, 74 (3): 911-933.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"32_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(95)80100-6","volume":"5","author":"AM Graybiel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Graybiel AM: Building action repertoires: memory and learning functions of the basal ganglia. Cur Opin Neurobio. 1995, 5 (6): 733-741. 10.1016\/0959-4388(95)80100-6.","journal-title":"Cur Opin Neurobio"},{"issue":"5","key":"32_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00687.2003","volume":"91","author":"N Schmitzer-Torbert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schmitzer-Torbert N, Redish AD: Neuronal activity in the rodent dorsal striatum in sequential navigation: separation of spatial and reward responses on the multiple T task. J Neurophysiol. 2004, 91 (5): 2259-2272. 10.1152\/jn.00687.2003.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"32_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200305060-00004","volume":"14","author":"M Kimura","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kimura M, Matsumoto N, Okahashi K, Ueda Y, Satoh T, Minamimoto T, Sakamoto M, Yamada H: Goal-directed, serial and synchronous activation of neurons in the primate striatum. Neuroreport. 2003, 14 (6): 799-802. 10.1097\/00001756-200305060-00004.","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"7","key":"32_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn877","volume":"3","author":"MA Cenci","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cenci MA, Whishaw IQ, Schallert T: Animal models of neurological deficits: how relevant is the rat?. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002, 3 (7): 574-579. 10.1038\/nrn877.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"32_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227239","volume":"90","author":"KC Berridge","year":"1992","unstructured":"Berridge KC, Whishaw IQ: Cortex, striatum and cerebellum: Control of serial order in a grooming sequence. Exp Brain Res. 1992, 90 (2): 275-290. 10.1007\/BF00227239.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"32_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-10-03444.1996","volume":"16","author":"HC Cromwell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cromwell HC, Berridge KC: Implementation of action sequences by a neostriatal site: A lesion mapping study of grooming syntax. J Neurosci. 1996, 16 (10): 3444-3458.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"32_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1163\/156853990X00428","volume":"113","author":"KC Berridge","year":"1990","unstructured":"Berridge KC: Comparative fine structure of action: Rules of form and sequence in the grooming patterns of six rodent species. Behav. 1990, 113 (1\u20132): 21-56.","journal-title":"Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"32_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0735-7036.114.3.281","volume":"114","author":"SN Bursten","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bursten SN, Berridge KC, Owings DH: Do California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) use ritualized syntactic cephalocaudal grooming as an agonistic signal?. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 2000, 114 (3): 281-290. 10.1037\/\/0735-7036.114.3.281.","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Psychology"},{"key":"32_CR39","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Foundations of animal behavior: Classic papers with commentaries","author":"GB Barlow","year":"1996","unstructured":"Barlow GB: Ethological units of behavior. Foundations of animal behavior: Classic papers with commentaries. 1996, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 138-153."},{"key":"32_CR40","volume-title":"Animal Behaviour: a synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology,","author":"RA Hinde","year":"1970","unstructured":"Hinde RA: Animal Behaviour: a synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology,. 1970, London: McGraw-Hill, 2","edition":"2"},{"issue":"7","key":"32_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00250.x","volume":"10","author":"HC Cromwell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cromwell HC, Berridge KC, Drago J, Levine MS: Action sequencing is impaired in D1A-deficient mutant mice. Euro J Neurosci. 1998, 10 (7): 2426-2432. 10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00250.x.","journal-title":"Euro J Neurosci"},{"key":"32_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03337797","volume":"17","author":"KC Berridge","year":"1989","unstructured":"Berridge KC: Substantia nigra 6-OHDA lesions mimic striatopallidal disruption of syntactic grooming chains: A neural systems analysis of sequence control. Psychobiol. 1989, 17: 377-385.","journal-title":"Psychobiol"},{"key":"32_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2396(20000901)37:3<194::AID-SYN3>3.0.CO;2-A","volume":"37","author":"KC Berridge","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berridge KC, Aldridge JW: Super-stereotypy I: Enhancement of a complex movement sequence by systemic dopamine D1 agonists. Synapse. 2000, 37: 194-204. 10.1002\/1098-2396(20000901)37:3<194::AID-SYN3>3.0.CO;2-A.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"32_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2396(20000901)37:3<205::AID-SYN4>3.0.CO;2-A","volume":"37","author":"KC Berridge","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berridge KC, Aldridge JW: Super-stereotypy II: Enhancement of a complex movement sequence by intraventricular dopamine D1 agonists. Synapse. 2000, 37: 205-215. 10.1002\/1098-2396(20000901)37:3<205::AID-SYN4>3.0.CO;2-A.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"2","key":"32_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00248-7","volume":"58","author":"AM Deveney","year":"1997","unstructured":"Deveney AM, Waddington JL: Psychopharmacological distinction between novel full-efficacy \"D-1-like\" dopamine receptor agonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997, 58 (2): 551-558. 10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00248-7.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90221-O","volume":"39","author":"JM Delfs","year":"1990","unstructured":"Delfs JM, Kelley AE: The role of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in oral stereotypy induced by dopaminergic stimulation of the ventrolateral striatum. Neurosci. 1990, 39 (1): 59-67. 10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90221-O.","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"32_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01149-X","volume":"822","author":"R Kuczenski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kuczenski R, Segal DS: Sensitization of amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviors during the acute response: role of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Brain Res. 1999, 822 (1\u20132): 164-174. 10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01149-X.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"32_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(93)90121-6","volume":"55","author":"G Mittleman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mittleman G, LeDuc PA, Whishaw IQ: The role of D1 and D2 receptors in the heightened locomotion induced by direct and indirect dopamine agonists in rats with hippocampal damage: an animal analogue of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res. 1993, 55 (2): 253-267. 10.1016\/0166-4328(93)90121-6.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"32_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-14-06218.2002","volume":"22","author":"C Capper-Loup","year":"2002","unstructured":"Capper-Loup C, Canales JJ, Kadaba N, Graybiel AM: Concurrent activation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors is required to evoke neural and behavioral phenotypes of cocaine sensitization. J Neurosci. 2002, 22 (14): 6218-6227.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"34","key":"32_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7557","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1072-04.2004","volume":"24","author":"E Saka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saka E, Goodrich C, Harlan P, Madras BK, Graybiel AM: Repetitive behaviors in monkeys are linked to specific striatal activation patterns. J Neurosci. 2004, 24 (34): 7557-7565. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1072-04.2004.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00564-5","volume":"33","author":"JM Greer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Greer JM, Capecchi MR: Hoxb8 is required for normal grooming behavior in mice. Neuron. 2002, 33 (1): 23-34. 10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00564-5.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"32_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150200052","volume":"249","author":"CE Reilly","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reilly CE: Disruption of Hoxb8 gene leads to obsessive grooming behavior. J Neurol. 2002, 249 (4): 499-501. 10.1007\/s004150200052.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"32_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5044","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-12-05044.1999","volume":"19","author":"KM Campbell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Campbell KM, de Lecea L, Severynse DM, Caron MG, McGrath MJ, Sparber SB, Sun LY, Burton FH: OCD-Like behaviors caused by a neuropotentiating transgene targeted to cortical and limbic D1+ neurons. J Neurosci. 1999, 19 (12): 5044-5053.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"32_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01544-9","volume":"833","author":"KM Campbell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Campbell KM, McGrath MJ, Burton FH: Behavioral effects of cocaine on a transgenic mouse model of cortical-limbic compulsion. Brain Res. 1999, 833 (2): 216-224. 10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01544-9.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"32_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0735-7044.113.6.1249","volume":"113","author":"MJ McGrath","year":"1999","unstructured":"McGrath MJ, Campbell KM, Burton FH: The role of cognitive and affective processing in a transgenic mouse model of cortical-limbic neuropotentiated compulsive behavior. Behav Neurosci. 1999, 113 (6): 1249-1256. 10.1037\/\/0735-7044.113.6.1249.","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"32_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-199909000-00001","volume":"10","author":"MJ McGrath","year":"1999","unstructured":"McGrath MJ, Campbell KM, Veldman MB, Burton FH: Anxiety in a transgenic mouse model of cortical-limbic neuro-potentiated compulsive behavior. Behav Pharmacol. 1999, 10 (5): 435-443.","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02646-9","volume":"877","author":"MJ McGrath","year":"2000","unstructured":"McGrath MJ, Campbell KM, Parks CR, Burton FH: Glutamatergic drugs exacerbate symptomatic behavior in a transgenic model of comorbid Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Res. 2000, 877 (1): 23-30. 10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02646-9.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"32_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1982","volume":"98","author":"X Zhuang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhuang X, Oosting RS, Jones SR, Gainetdinov PR, Miller GW, Caron MG, Hen R: Hyperactivity and impaired response habituation in hyperdopaminergic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001, 98 (4): 1982-1987. 10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1982.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"32_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01489-0","volume":"53","author":"RJ Ralph-Williams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ralph-Williams RJ, Paulus MP, Zhuang X, Hen R, Geyer MA: Valproate attenuates hyperactive and perseverative behaviors in mutant mice with a dysregulated dopamine system. Biol Psychiatry. 2003, 53 (4): 352-359. 10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01489-0.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"28","key":"32_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9395","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09395.2003","volume":"23","author":"S Pecina","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pecina S, Cagniard B, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW, Zhuang X: Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher \"wanting\" but not \"liking\" for sweet rewards. J Neurosci. 2003, 23 (28): 9395-9402.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(87)90242-7","volume":"23","author":"KC Berridge","year":"1987","unstructured":"Berridge KC, Fentress JC, Parr H: Natural syntax rules control action sequence of rats. Behav Brain Res. 1987, 23 (1): 59-68. 10.1016\/0166-4328(87)90242-7.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"32_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresprot.2004.04.002","volume":"13","author":"AV Kalueff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kalueff AV, Tuohimaa P: Grooming analysis algorithm for neurobehavioural stress research. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 2004, 13 (3): 151-158. 10.1016\/j.brainresprot.2004.04.002.","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Protoc"},{"key":"32_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1163\/156853980X00573","volume":"75","author":"G Richmond","year":"1978","unstructured":"Richmond G, Sachs BD: Grooming in Norway rats: The development and adult expression of a complex motor pattern. Behav. 1978, 75: 82-96.","journal-title":"Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10108","volume":"46","author":"FN McNamara","year":"2002","unstructured":"McNamara FN, Clifford JJ, Tighe O, Kinsella A, Drago J, Fuchs S, Croke DT, Waddington JL: Phenotypic, ethologically based resolution of spontaneous and D(2)-like vs D(1)-like agonist-induced behavioural topography in mice with congenic D(3) dopamine receptor \"knockout\". Synapse. 2002, 46 (1): 19-31. 10.1002\/syn.10108.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"6","key":"32_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01068144","volume":"23","author":"EM Coscia","year":"1993","unstructured":"Coscia EM, Fentress JC: Neurological dysfunction expressed in the grooming behavior of developing Weaver mutant mice. Behavior Genetics. 1993, 23 (6): 533-541. 10.1007\/BF01068144.","journal-title":"Behavior Genetics"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"32_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(96)00156-8","volume":"75","author":"VJ Bolivar","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bolivar VJ, Danilchuk W, Fentress JC: Separation of activation and pattern in grooming development of weaver mice. Behav Brain Res. 1996, 75 (1\u20132): 49-58. 10.1016\/0166-4328(96)00156-8.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142937","volume":"25","author":"MG Packard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Packard MG, Knowlton BJ: Learning and memory functions of the basal ganglia. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002, 25 (1): 563-593. 10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142937.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"32_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00168-1","volume":"36","author":"J Doyon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Doyon J, Laforce R, Bouchard G, Gaudreau D, Roy J, Poirier M, Bedard PJ, Bedard F, Bouchard JP: Role of the striatum, cerebellum and frontal lobes in the automatization of a repeated visuomotor sequence of movements. Neuropsychologia. 1998, 36 (7): 625-641. 10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00168-1.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617703910125","volume":"9","author":"JA Saint-Cyr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Saint-Cyr JA: Frontal-striatal circuit functions: Context, sequence, and consequence. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003, 9 (1): 103-127. 10.1017\/S1355617703910125.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"32_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1998.3843","volume":"70","author":"AM Graybiel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Graybiel AM: The basal ganglia and chunking of action repertoires. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 1998, 70 (1\u20132): 119-136. 10.1006\/nlme.1998.3843.","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"issue":"2","key":"32_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90535-3","volume":"172","author":"N Greenberg","year":"1979","unstructured":"Greenberg N, MacLean PD, Ferguson JL: Role of the paleostriatum in species-typical display behavior of the lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Brain Res. 1979, 172 (2): 229-241. 10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90535-3.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"32_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(97)80003-7","volume":"7","author":"LL Brown","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brown LL, Schneider JS, Lidsky TI: Sensory and cognitive functions of the basal ganglia. Cur Opin Neurobiol. 1997, 7 (2): 157-163. 10.1016\/S0959-4388(97)80003-7.","journal-title":"Cur Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5280","key":"32_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5280.1399","volume":"273","author":"BJ Knowlton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Knowlton BJ, Mangels JA, Squire LR: A neostriatal habit learning system in humans. Science. 1996, 273 (5280): 1399-1402.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.1.111","volume":"111","author":"H Szechtman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Szechtman H, Woody E: Obsessive-compulsive disorder as a disturbance of security motivation. Psychol Rev. 2004, 111 (1): 111-127. 10.1037\/0033-295X.111.1.111.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"32_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1998.1959","volume":"64","author":"AK Ho","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ho AK, Bradshaw JL, Cunnington R, Phillips JG, Iansek R: Sequence heterogeneity in Parkinsonian speech. Brain & Language. 1998, 64 (1): 122-145. 10.1006\/brln.1998.1959.","journal-title":"Brain & Language"},{"key":"32_CR76","volume-title":"Obsessive Compulsive Disorder","author":"F Toates","year":"2002","unstructured":"Toates F, Coschug-Toates O: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. 2002, London: Class publishing"},{"issue":"3","key":"32_CR77","first-page":"380","volume":"24","author":"JL Rapoport","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rapoport JL, Wise SP: Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence for basal ganglia dysfunction. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1988, 24 (3): 380-384.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"32_CR78","first-page":"267","volume":"7","author":"E Hollander","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hollander E, Liebowitz MR, DeCaria CM: Conceptual and methodological issues in studies of obsessive-compulsive and Tourette's disorders. Psychiat Dev. 1989, 7 (4): 267-296.","journal-title":"Psychiat Dev"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"32_CR79","first-page":"36","volume":"51","author":"WK Goodman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Goodman WK, McDougle CJ, Price LH, Riddle MA, Pauls DL, Leckman JF: Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: a role for dopamine in some forms of obsessive compulsive disorder?. J Clin Psychiat. 1990, 51 (Suppl): 36-43. discussion 55-38.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiat"},{"issue":"2","key":"32_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(94)90039-6","volume":"44","author":"RM Ridley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ridley RM: The psychology of perseverative and stereotyped behaviour. Prog Neurobiol. 1994, 44 (2): 221-231. 10.1016\/0301-0082(94)90039-6.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 12","key":"32_CR81","first-page":"11","volume":"58","author":"CJ McDougle","year":"1997","unstructured":"McDougle CJ: Update on pharmacologic management of OCD: agents and augmentation. J Clin Psychiat. 1997, 58 (Suppl 12): 11-17.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiat"},{"key":"32_CR82","first-page":"677","volume":"20 Spec No 4","author":"JL Rapoport","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rapoport JL: Le \"spectre obsessionnel-compulsif\": Un concept utile?. Encephale. 1994, 20 Spec No 4: 677-680.","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"issue":"2","key":"32_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)93872-U","volume":"18","author":"RL Albin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB: The functional anatomy of disorders of the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 1995, 18 (2): 63-64. 10.1016\/0166-2236(95)93872-U.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"32_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.9.1259","volume":"9","author":"R Luthi-Carter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Luthi-Carter R, Strand A, Peters NL, Solano SM, Hollingsworth ZR, Menon AS, Frey AS, Spektor BS, Penney EB, Schilling G, et al: Decreased expression of striatal signaling genes in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2000, 9 (9): 1259-1271. 10.1093\/hmg\/9.9.1259.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"32_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(02)00216-4","volume":"102","author":"BS Spektor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spektor BS, Miller DW, Hollingsworth ZR, Kaneko YA, Solano SM, Johnson JM, Penney JB, Young AB, Luthi-Carter R: Differential D1 and D2 receptor-mediated effects on immediate early gene induction in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2002, 102 (1\u20132): 118-128. 10.1016\/S0169-328X(02)00216-4.","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"32_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1014373","volume":"26","author":"CJ McDougle","year":"1993","unstructured":"McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Price LH: The pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1993, 26 (Suppl 1): 24-29.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"32_CR87","first-page":"97","volume":"21","author":"M Poyurovsky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Poyurovsky M, Bergman Y, Shoshani D, Schneidman M, Weizman A: Emergence of obsessive \u2013 compulsive symptoms and tics during clozapine withdrawal. Clin Neuropharm. 1998, 21 (2): 97-100.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharm"},{"key":"32_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb38592.x","volume":"525","author":"JC Fentress","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fentress JC: Expressive contexts, fine structure, and central mediation of rodent grooming. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988, 525: 18-26.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1741-7007-3-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1741-7007-3-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1741-7007-3-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:23:33Z","timestamp":1728303813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1741-7007-3-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,14]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["32"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7007-3-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7007","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2005","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2005","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"4"}}