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We investigated two such novel genes from\n                      <jats:italic>Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic>\n                      termed\n                      <jats:italic>abundant larval transcript (alt)<\/jats:italic>\n                      , expression of which reaches ~5% of total transcript at the time parasites enter the human host.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To test the hypothesis that ALT proteins modulate host immunity, we adopted an alternative transfection strategy to express these products in the protozoan parasite\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania mexicana<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We then followed the course of infection\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      in macrophages and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      in mice. Expression of ALT proteins, but not a truncated mutant, conferred greater infectivity of macrophages\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , reaching 3-fold higher parasite densities. alt-transfected parasites also caused accelerated disease\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and fewer mice were able to clear infection of organisms expressing ALT.\n                      <jats:italic>alt<\/jats:italic>\n                      -transfected parasites were more resistant to IFN-\u03b3-induced killing by macrophages. Expression profiling of macrophages infected with transgenic\n                      <jats:italic>L. mexicana<\/jats:italic>\n                      revealed consistently higher levels of GATA-3 and SOCS-1 transcripts, both associated with the Th2-type response observed in\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      filarial infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      transfection is a tractable and informative approach to determining immunological functions of single genes from heterologous organisms. In the case of the filarial ALT proteins, our data suggest that they may participate in the Th2 bias observed in the response to parasite infection by modulating cytokine-induced signalling within immune system cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-3-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,24]],"date-time":"2005-03-24T02:16:10Z","timestamp":1111630570000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Heterologous expression of the filarial nematode alt gene products reveals their potential to inhibit immune function"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Gomez-Escobar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Prieto-Lafuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Aebischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare C","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick M","family":"Maizels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"36_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/365797a0","volume":"365","author":"RM Maizels","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maizels RM, Bundy DAP, Selkirk ME, Smith DF, Anderson RM: Immunological modulation and evasion by helminth parasites in human populations. 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