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Here we extend our understanding of the sperm-transfer step of male mating behavior.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results\n<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Based on observation of wild-type males and on genetic analysis, we have divided the sperm-transfer step of mating behavior into four sub-steps: initiation, release, continued transfer, and cessation. To begin to understand how these sub-steps of sperm transfer are regulated, we screened for ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutations that cause males to transfer sperm aberrantly. We isolated an allele of <jats:italic>unc-18<\/jats:italic>, a previously reported member of the Sec1\/Munc-18 (SM) family of proteins that is necessary for regulated exocytosis in <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> motor neurons. Our allele, <jats:italic>sy671<\/jats:italic>, is defective in two distinct sub-steps of sperm transfer: initiation and continued transfer. By a series of transgenic site-of-action experiments, we found that motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord require UNC-18 for the initiation of sperm transfer, and that UNC-18 acts downstream or in parallel to the SPV sensory neurons in this process. In addition to this neuronal requirement, we found that non-neuronal expression of UNC-18, in the male gonad, is necessary for the continuation of sperm transfer.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion\n<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our division of sperm-transfer behavior into sub-steps has provided a framework for the further detailed analysis of sperm transfer and its integration with other aspects of mating behavior. By determining the site of action of UNC-18 in sperm-transfer behavior, and its relation to the SPV sensory neurons, we have further defined the cells and tissues involved in the generation of this behavior. We have shown both a neuronal and non-neuronal requirement for UNC-18 in distinct sub-steps of sperm-transfer behavior. The definition of circuit components is a crucial first step toward understanding how genes specify the neural circuit and hence the behavior.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-4-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,16]],"date-time":"2006-08-16T08:00:34Z","timestamp":1155715234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Initiation of male sperm-transfer behavior in Caenorhabditis elegansrequires input from the ventral nerve cord"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Gary","family":"Schindelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allyson J","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian Yuan","family":"Thum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahla","family":"Gharib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul W","family":"Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"81_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(79)90069-1","volume":"73","author":"S Ward","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ward S, Carrel JS: Fertilization and sperm competition in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. 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