{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T02:01:30Z","timestamp":1793325690536,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Various typing methods have been developed for\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , but none provide the combination of discrimination, reproducibility, portability, and genetic inference that allows the analysis of all aspects of the epidemiology of this pathogen from a single data set. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been used successfully to characterize the related organisms\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria lactamica<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Here, the same seven locus\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                      scheme was used to characterize a diverse collection of\n                      <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates to investigate whether this method would allow differentiation among isolates, and to distinguish these three species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 149 gonococcal isolates were typed and submitted to the\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                      MLST database. Although relatively few (27) polymorphisms were detected among the seven MLST loci, a total of 66 unique allele combinations (sequence types, STs), were observed, a number comparable to that seen among isolate collections of the more diverse meningococcus. Patterns of genetic variation were consistent with high levels of recombination generating this diversity. There was no evidence for geographical structuring among the isolates examined, with isolates collected in Liverpool, UK, showing levels of diversity similar to a global collection of isolates. There was, however, evidence that populations of\n                      <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>\n                      were distinct, with little support for frequent genetic recombination among these species, with the sequences from the\n                      <jats:italic>gdh<\/jats:italic>\n                      locus alone grouping the species into distinct clusters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The seven loci\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                      MLST scheme was readily adapted to\n                      <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, providing a highly discriminatory typing method. In addition, these data permitted phylogenetic and population genetic inferences to be made, including direct comparisons with\n                      <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Examination of these data demonstrated that alleles were rarely shared among the three species. Analysis of variation at a single locus,\n                      <jats:italic>gdh<\/jats:italic>\n                      , provided a rapid means of identifying misclassified isolates and determining whether mixed cultures were present.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-5-35","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,7]],"date-time":"2007-09-07T14:13:27Z","timestamp":1189174407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Species status of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: evolutionary and epidemiological inferences from multilocus sequence typing"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Julia S","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith A","family":"Jolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P Frederick","family":"Sparling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel J","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C Anthony","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian M","family":"Feavers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin CJ","family":"Maiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl","key":"131_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.2.Suppl.S49","volume":"2","author":"SK Sarafian","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sarafian SK, Knapp JS: Molecular epidemiology of gonorrhea. 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