{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T18:51:57Z","timestamp":1774119117418,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,11]],"date-time":"2005-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1105401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,11]],"date-time":"2005-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1105401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Parental smoking and prone sleep positioning are recognized causal features of Sudden Infant Death. This study quantifies the relationship between prenatal smoking and infant death over the time period of the <jats:italic>Back to Sleep<\/jats:italic> campaign in the United States, which encouraged parents to use a supine sleeping position for infants.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study utilized the Colorado Birth Registry. All singleton, normal birth weight infants born from 1989 to 1998 were identified and linked to the Colorado Infant Death registry. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between outcomes of interest and prenatal maternal cigarette use. Potential confounders analyzed included infant gender, gestational age, and birth year as well as maternal marital status, ethnicity, pregnancy interval, age, education, and alcohol use.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>We analyzed 488,918 birth records after excluding 5835 records with missing smoking status. Smokers were more likely to be single, non-Hispanic, less educated, and to report alcohol use while pregnant (p &lt; 0.001). The study included 598 SIDS cases of which 172 occurred in smoke-exposed infants. Smoke exposed infants were 1.9 times (95% CI 1.6 to 2.3) more likely to die of SIDS. The attributed risk associating smoking and SIDS increased during the study period from approximately 50% to 80%. During the entire study period 59% (101\/172) of SIDS deaths in smoke-exposed infants were attributed to maternal smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Due to a decreased overall rate of SIDS likely due to changing infant sleep position, the attributed risk associating maternal smoking and SIDS has increased following the <jats:italic>Back to Sleep<\/jats:italic> campaign. Mothers should be informed of the 2-fold increased rate of SIDS associated with maternal cigarette consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-3-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,12]],"date-time":"2005-01-12T23:25:18Z","timestamp":1105572318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and prenatal maternal smoking: rising attributed risk in the Back to Sleepera"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Mark E","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel C","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holly A","family":"Batal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"46_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.11.1003","volume":"52","author":"HR Anderson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anderson HR, Cook DG: Passive smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: review of the epidemiological evidence. Thorax. 1997, 52: 1003-1009.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6","key":"46_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.6.905","volume":"90","author":"KC Schoendorf","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schoendorf KC, Kiely JL: Relationship of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome to Maternal Smoking During and After Pregnancy. Pediatrics. 1992, 90 (6): 905-908.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"46_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.83.3.203","volume":"83","author":"K Wisborg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Henriksen TB, Olsen F, Secher NJ: A prospective study of smoking during pregnancy and SIDS. Arch Dis Child. 2000, 83: 203-206. 10.1136\/adc.83.3.203.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"46_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114803","volume":"127","author":"JC Kleinman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kleinman JC, Pierre MB, Madans JH, Land GH, Schramm WF: The Effects of Maternal Smoking of Fetal and Infant Mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1988, 127 (2): 274-282.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"46_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(71)90926-4","volume":"111","author":"GW Comstock","year":"1971","unstructured":"Comstock GW, Shah FK, Meyer MB, Abbey H: Low birth weight and neonatal mortality rate related to maternal smoking and socioeconomic status. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971, 111 (1): 53-59.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"46_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114957","volume":"128","author":"MH Malloy","year":"1988","unstructured":"Malloy MH, Kleinman JC, Garland H, Schramm WF: The Association of Maternal Smoking with Age and Cause of Infant Death. Am J Epi. 1988, 128 (1): 46-54.","journal-title":"Am J Epi"},{"issue":"10","key":"46_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116613","volume":"137","author":"AJ Wilcox","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wilcox AJ: Birth Weight and Perinatal Mortality: The Effect of Maternal Smoking. Am J Epi. 1993, 137 (10): 1098-1104.","journal-title":"Am J Epi"},{"issue":"4","key":"46_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.4.322","volume":"154","author":"K Wisborg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Henriksen TB, Olsen SF, Secher NJ: Exposure to Tobacco Smoke in Utero and the Risk of Stillbirth and Death in the First Year of Life. Am J Epi. 2001, 154 (4): 322-327. 10.1093\/aje\/154.4.322.","journal-title":"Am J Epi"},{"issue":"4","key":"46_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.4.e43","volume":"104","author":"CE Leach","year":"1999","unstructured":"Leach CE, Blair PS, Fleming PJ, Smith IJ, Platt MW, Berry PJ, Golding J: Epidemiology of SIDS and Explained Sudden Infant Deaths. Pediatrics. 1999, 104 (4): e43-10.1542\/peds.104.4.e43.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"46_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520340051035","volume":"273","author":"HS Klonoff-Cohen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Klonoff-Cohen HS, Edelstein SL, Lefkowitz ES, Srinivasan IP, Kaegi D, Chang JC, Wiley KJ: The Effect of Passive Smoking and Tobacco Exposure through Breast Milk on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. JAMA. 1995, 273 (10): 795-798. 10.1001\/jama.273.10.795.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"46_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520340039033","volume":"273","author":"T Dwyer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dwyer T, Ponsonby A-L, Blizzard L, Newman N, Cochrane JA: The Contribution of Changes in the Prevalence of Prone Sleeping Position to the Decline in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Tasmania. JAMA. 1995, 273: 783-789. 10.1001\/jama.273.10.783. March 8, 1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"46_CR12","volume-title":"Epidemiology","author":"L Gordis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gordis L: Epidemiology. 2000, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, Second","edition":"Second"},{"issue":"3","key":"46_CR13","first-page":"390","volume":"90","author":"H Pollack","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pollack H, Lantz PM, Frohna JG: Maternal Smoking and Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Singletons and Twins. Am J Pub Health. 2000, 90 (3): 390-400.","journal-title":"Am J Pub Health"},{"key":"46_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.1.9","volume":"56","author":"IK Crombie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Crombie IK, Wright A, Irvine L, Clark RA, Slane PW: Does passive smoking increase the frequency of health service contacts in children with asthma. Thorax. 2001, 56: 9-12. 10.1136\/thorax.56.1.9.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"46_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.2.2006009","volume":"163","author":"FD Gilliland","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gilliland FD, Li Y-F, Peters JM: Effects of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Asthma and Wheezing in Children. Am J Resp Crit Care. 2000, 163: 429-436.","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"46_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.2.e8","volume":"101","author":"PJ Gergen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gergen PJ, Fowler JA, Maurer KR, Davis WW, Overpeck MD: The Burden of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure on the Respiratory Health of Children 2 Months Through 5 Years of Age in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994. Pediatrics. 1998, 101 (2): e8-10.1542\/peds.101.2.e8.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"46_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70202-4","volume":"126","author":"JA Taylor","year":"1995","unstructured":"Taylor JA, Sanderson M: A reexamination of the risk factors for the sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr. 1995, 126 (6): 887-891.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"46_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.5.893","volume":"91","author":"EA Mitchell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mitchell EA, Ford RPK, Stewart AW, Taylor BJ, Becroft DMO, Thompson JMD, Scragg R, Hassall IB, Barry DMJ, Allen EM, Roberts AP: Smoking and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Pediatrics. 1993, 91 (5): 893-896.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"46_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70225-2","volume":"133","author":"J Milerad","year":"1998","unstructured":"Milerad J, Vege A, Opdal SH, Rognum TO: Objective measurements of nicotine exposure in victims of sudden infant death syndrome and in other unexpected child deaths. J Pediatr. 1998, 133: 232-236.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"46_CR20","first-page":"385","volume":"40","author":"JR DiFranza","year":"1995","unstructured":"DiFranza JR, Lew RA: Effect of Maternal Cigarette Smoking on Pregnancy Complications and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. J Fam Pract. 1995, 40 (4): 385-394.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"46_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6643.258","volume":"297","author":"S Cnattingius","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cnattingius S, Haglund B, Meirik O: Cigarette smoking as risk factor for late fetal and early neonatal death. BMJ. 1988, 297: 258-261.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"46_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.51.3.246","volume":"51","author":"RPK Ford","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ford RPK, Tappin DM, Schluter PJ, Wild CJ: Smoking during pregnancy: how reliable are maternal self reports in New Zealand?. J Epi Comm Health. 1996, 51: 246-251.","journal-title":"J Epi Comm Health"},{"issue":"14","key":"46_CR23","first-page":"303","volume":"52","author":"S Porter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Porter S, Jackson K, Trosclair A, Pederson L: Prevalence of Current Cigarette Smoking among Adults and Changes in Prevalence of Current and Some Day Smoking \u2013 United States 1996\u20132001. MMWR. 2003, 52 (14): 303-307.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"46_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.174.4.276","volume":"174","author":"CT Orleans","year":"2001","unstructured":"Orleans CT, Barker DC, Kaufman NJ: Helping pregnant smokers quit: meeting the challenge in the next decade. West J Med. 2001, 174: 276-281. 10.1136\/ewjm.174.4.276.","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"46_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/11.3.334","volume":"11","author":"N Lelong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lelong N, Kaminski M, Saurel-Cubiozolles M, Bouvier-Colle M: Postpartum return to smoking among usual smokers who quit during pregnancy. Eur J Pub Health. 2001, 11 (3): 334-339. 10.1093\/eurpub\/11.3.334.","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"46_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009857","volume":"149","author":"T Dwyer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dwyer T, Ponsonby A-L, Couper D: Tobacco Smoke Exposure at One Month of Age and Subsequent Risk of SIDS \u2013 A Prospective Study. Am J Epi. 1999, 149 (7): 593-602.","journal-title":"Am J Epi"},{"key":"46_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.2.214","volume":"86","author":"N Breslau","year":"1996","unstructured":"Breslau N, Peterson EL: Smoking cessation in young adults: age at initiation of cigarette smoking and other suspected influences. Am J Pub Health. 1996, 86: 214-219.","journal-title":"Am J Pub Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1741-7015-3-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1741-7015-3-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1741-7015-3-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:56:09Z","timestamp":1728305769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1741-7015-3-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,11]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-3-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2005","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2005","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"4"}}