{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:58:33Z","timestamp":1790974713491,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common of all human congenital defects. Over the last two decades, accumulating evidence has made it clear that periconceptional intake of folic acid can significantly reduce the risk of NTD affected pregnancies. This beneficial effect may be related to the ability of folates to donate methyl groups for critical physiological reactions. Choline is an essential nutrient and it is also a methyl donor critical for the maintenance of cell membrane integrity and methyl metabolism. Perturbations in choline metabolism <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> have been shown to induce NTDs in mouse embryos.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human choline kinase A (<jats:italic>CHKA<\/jats:italic>) gene and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylytransferase (<jats:italic>PCYT1A<\/jats:italic>) gene were risk factors for spina bifida. Fluorescence-based allelic discrimination analysis was performed for the two <jats:italic>CHKA<\/jats:italic> intronic SNPs hCV1562388 (rs7928739) and hCV1562393, and <jats:italic>PCYT1A<\/jats:italic> SNP rs939883 and rs3772109. The study population consisted of 103 infants with spina bifida and 338 non-malformed control infants who were born in selected California counties in the period 1989\u20131991.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The <jats:italic>CHKA<\/jats:italic> SNP hCV1562388 genotypes with at least one C allele were associated with a reduced risk of spina bifida (odds ratio = 0.60, 95%CI = 0.38\u20130.94). The <jats:italic>PCYT1A<\/jats:italic> SNP rs939883 genotype AA was associated with a twofold increased risk of spina bifida (odds ratio = 1.89, 95% CI = 0.97\u20133.67). These gene-only effects were not substantially modified by analytic consideration to maternal periconceptional choline intake.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our analyses showed genotype effects of <jats:italic>CHKA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PCYT1A<\/jats:italic> genes on spina bifida risk, but did not show evidence of gene-nutrient interactions. The underlying mechanisms are yet to be resolved.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-4-36","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,21]],"date-time":"2006-12-21T19:15:02Z","timestamp":1166728502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["CHKA and PCYT1Agene polymorphisms, choline intake and spina bifida risk in a California population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"James O Ebot","family":"Enaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary M","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J","family":"Lammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard H","family":"Finnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"99_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000003512","volume":"40","author":"The International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems","year":"1991","unstructured":"The International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems: Conjoined twins \u2013 an epidemiological study based on 312 cases. 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