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SMN has a role in neurons but its deficiency may have a direct effect on muscle tissue.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We applied microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to study at transcriptional level the effects of a defective <jats:italic>SMN<\/jats:italic> gene in skeletal muscles affected by the two forms of SMA: the most severe type I and the mild type III.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The two forms of SMA generated distinct expression signatures: the SMA III muscle transcriptome is close to that found under normal conditions, whereas in SMA I there is strong alteration of gene expression. Genes implicated in signal transduction were up-regulated in SMA III whereas those of energy metabolism and muscle contraction were consistently down-regulated in SMA I. The expression pattern of gene networks involved in atrophy signaling was completed by qRT-PCR, showing that specific pathways are involved, namely IGF\/PI3K\/Akt, TNF-\u03b1\/p38 MAPK and Ras\/ERK pathways.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study suggests a different picture of atrophy pathways in each of the two forms of SMA. In particular, p38 may be the regulator of protein synthesis in SMA I. The SMA III profile appears as the result of the concurrent presence of atrophic and hypertrophic fibers. This more favorable condition might be due to the over-expression of MTOR that, given its role in the activation of protein synthesis, could lead to compensatory hypertrophy in SMA III muscle fibers.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,2]],"date-time":"2009-05-02T06:16:37Z","timestamp":1241244997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Different atrophy-hypertrophy transcription pathways in muscles affected by severe and mild spinal muscular atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Caterina","family":"Millino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Fanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Vettori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Laveder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Mostacciuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerolamo","family":"Lanfranchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"192_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90460-3","volume":"80","author":"S Lefebvre","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lefebvre S, Burglen L, Reboullet S, Clermont O, Burlet P, Viollet L, Benichou B, Cruaud C, Millasseau P, Zeviani M, Le Paslier D, Fr\u00e9zal J, Cohen D, Weissenbach J, Munnich A, Melki J: Identification and characterization of a spinal muscular atrophy-determining gene. 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