{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:08:22Z","timestamp":1782961702197,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]],"date-time":"2015-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420502400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Theor Biol Med Model"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4682-12-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]],"date-time":"2015-06-18T07:27:34Z","timestamp":1434612454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Theoretical perspectives on the infectiousness of Ebola virus disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Nishiura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Chowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"491_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0196-0","volume":"12","author":"G Chowell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chowell G, Nishiura H: Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease (EVD): a review.BMC Med 2014, 12:196.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"491_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411100","volume":"371","author":"WHO Ebola Response Team","year":"2014","unstructured":"WHO Ebola Response Team: Ebola virus disease in West Africa\u2013the first 9\u00a0months of the epidemic and forward projections.N Engl J Med 2014, 371:1481\u20131495.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"491_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61706-2","volume":"384","author":"AJ Kucharski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kucharski AJ, Edmunds WJ: Case fatality rate for Ebola virus disease in west Africa.Lancet 2014, 384:1260.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"491_CR4","first-page":"865","volume":"63","author":"Incident Management System Ebola Epidemiology Team, CDC; Ministries of Health of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria, and Senegal; Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Incident Management System Ebola Epidemiology Team, CDC; Ministries of Health of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria, and Senegal; Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC: Ebola virus disease outbreak - West Africa, September 2014.Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014, 63:865\u2013866.","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"491_CR5","volume-title":"Euro Surveill","author":"H Nishiura","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nishiura H, Chowell G: Early transmission dynamics of Ebola virus disease (EVD), West Africa, March to August 2014.Euro Surveill 2014., 19: Available online: \n                    http:\/\/www.eurosurveillance.org\/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20894"},{"key":"491_CR6","volume-title":"PLOS Curr Outbreaks","author":"CL Althaus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Althaus CL: Estimating the reproduction number of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) during the 2014 outbreak in West Africa.PLOS Curr Outbreaks 2014. Sep 2. Edition 1. doi:10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.91afb5e0f279e7f29e7056095255b288"},{"key":"491_CR7","volume-title":"PLOS Curr Outbreaks","author":"D Fisman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fisman D, Khoo E, Tuite A: Early epidemic dynamics of the West African 2014 Ebola outbreak: estimates derived with a simple two-parameter model.PLOS Curr Outbreaks 2014. Sep 8. Edition 1. doi:10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.89c0d3783f36958d96ebbae97348d571"},{"key":"491_CR8","volume-title":"PLOS Curr Outbreaks","author":"MF Gomes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gomes MF, Piontti AP, Rossi L, Chao D, Longini I, Halloran ME, et al.: Assessing the international spreading risk associated with the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak.PLOS Curr Outbreaks 2014. Sep 2. Edition 1. doi:10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.cd818f63d40e24aef769dda7df9e0da5"},{"key":"491_CR9","volume-title":"PLOS Curr Outbreaks","author":"S Towers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Towers S, Patterson-Lomba O, Castillo-Chavez C: Temporal variations in the effective reproduction number of the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak.PLOS Curr Outbreaks 2014. Sep 18. Edition 1. doi:10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.9e4c4294ec8ce1adad283172b16bc908"},{"key":"491_CR10","volume-title":"Ann Intern Med","author":"D Yamin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamin D, Gertler S, Ndeffo-Mbah ML, Skrip LA, Fallah M, Nyenswah TG, et al.: Effect of Ebola progression on transmission and control in Liberia.Ann Intern Med 2014. doi:10.7326\/M14\u20132255. in press"},{"key":"491_CR11","volume-title":"Eur Surveill","author":"F Fasina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fasina F, Shittu A, Lazarus D, Tomori O, Simonsen L, Viboud C, et al.: Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria, July to September 2014.Eur Surveill 2014., 19: Available online: \n                    http:\/\/www.eurosurveillance.org\/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20920"},{"key":"491_CR12","first-page":"e569v1","volume":"2","author":"CL Althause","year":"2014","unstructured":"Althause CL, Gsteiger S, Low N: Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria: lessons to learn.Peer J PrePrints 2014, 2:e569v1.","journal-title":"Peer J PrePrints"},{"key":"491_CR13","volume-title":"Mathematical epidemiology of infectious diseases: model building, analysis and interpretation","author":"O Diekmann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Diekmann O, Heesterbeek JAP: Mathematical epidemiology of infectious diseases: model building, analysis and interpretation. Chichester: Wiley; 2000."},{"key":"491_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2010.7.851","volume":"7","author":"H Nishiura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nishiura H: Time variations in the generation time of an infectious disease: implications for sampling to appropriately quantify transmission potential.Math Biosci Eng 2010, 7:851\u2013869.","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng"},{"key":"491_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178324","volume":"28","author":"O Diekmann","year":"1990","unstructured":"Diekmann O, Heesterbeek JA, Metz JA: On the definition and the computation of the basic reproduction ratioR\n                    0\n                  in models for infectious diseases in heterogeneous populations.J Math Biol 1990, 28:365\u2013382.","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"491_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4682-7-1","volume":"7","author":"H Nishiura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nishiura H, Chowell G, Safan M, Castillo-Chavez C: Pros and cons of estimating the reproduction number from early epidemic growth rate of influenza A (H1N1) 2009.Theor Biol Med Model 2010, 7:1. 10.1186\/1742-4682-7-1","journal-title":"Theor Biol Med Model"},{"key":"491_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-011-0479-4","volume":"65","author":"N Baca\u00ebr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baca\u00ebr N, Ait Dads el H: On the biological interpretation of a definition for the parameter R\n                    0\n                  in periodic population models.J Math Biol 2012, 65:601\u2013621. 10.1007\/s00285-011-0479-4","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"491_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780090811","volume":"9","author":"CP Farrington","year":"1990","unstructured":"Farrington CP: Modelling forces of infection for measles, mumps and rubella.Stat Med 1990, 9:953\u2013967. 10.1002\/sim.4780090811","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"491_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036121","volume":"15","author":"PE Fine","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fine PE: Herd immunity: history, theory, practice.Epidemiol Rev 1993, 15:265\u2013302.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"491_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00234.x","volume":"5","author":"PY Bo\u00eblle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bo\u00eblle PY, Ansart S, Cori A, Valleron AJ: Transmission parameters of the A\/H1N1 (2009) influenza virus pandemic: a review.Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011, 5:306\u2013316. 10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00234.x","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"491_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2008.08.005","volume":"216","author":"H Inaba","year":"2008","unstructured":"Inaba H, Nishiura H: The state-reproduction number for a multistate class age structured epidemic system and its application to the asymptomatic transmission model.Math Biosci 2008, 216:77\u201389. 10.1016\/j.mbs.2008.08.005","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"491_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2011.04.001","volume":"2","author":"M Eichner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eichner M, Dowell SF, Firese N: Incubation period of Ebola hemorrhagic virus subtype Zaire.Osong Public Health Res Persptect 2011, 2:3\u20137. 10.1016\/j.phrp.2011.04.001","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Persptect"},{"key":"491_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2922","volume":"4","author":"BJ Cowling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cowling BJ, Ip DK, Fang VJ, Suntarattiwong P, Olsen SJ, Levy J, et al.: Aerosol transmission is an important mode of influenza A virus spread.Nat Commun 2013, 4:1935.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"491_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7177(97)00165-9","volume":"26","author":"BL Keyfitz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Keyfitz BL, Keyfitz N: The McKendrick partial differential equation and its uses in epidemiology and population study.Math Comp Model 1997, 26:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Math Comp Model"},{"key":"491_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3754","volume":"274","author":"J Wallinga","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wallinga J, Lipsitch M: How generation intervals shape the relationship between growth rates and reproductive numbers.Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 2007, 274:599\u2013604. 10.1098\/rspb.2006.3754","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond Ser B"},{"key":"491_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-007-0112-8","volume":"55","author":"MG Roberts","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roberts MG, Heesterbeek JA: Model-consistent estimation of the basic reproduction number from the incidence of an emerging infection.J Math Biol 2007, 55:803\u2013816. 10.1007\/s00285-007-0112-8","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"491_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg103","volume":"158","author":"M Eichner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eichner M, Dietz K: Transmission potential of smallpox: estimates based on detailed data from an outbreak.Am J Epidemiol 2003, 158:110\u2013117. 10.1093\/aje\/kwg103","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1742-4682-12-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1742-4682-12-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1742-4682-12-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T21:38:56Z","timestamp":1548193136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tbiomed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1742-4682-12-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-4682-12-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-4682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"1"}}