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We, therefore, hypothesized that<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>modulates the outcome of HIV infection in oral epithelial cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral and tonsil epithelial cells were pre-incubated with<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>, and inoculated with either an X4- or R5-type HIV-1. Between 6 and 48 hours post-inoculation,<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>selectively increased the infectivity of R5-tropic HIV-1 from oral and tonsil keratinocytes; infectivity of X4-tropic HIV-1 remained unchanged. Oral keratinocytes appeared to harbor infectious HIV-1, with no evidence of productive infection. HIV-1 was harbored at highest levels during the first 6 hours after HIV exposure and decreased to barely detectable levels at 48 hours. HIV did not appear to co-localize with<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>, which increased selective R5-tropic HIV-1<jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>infection from keratinocytes to permissive cells. When CCR5 was selectively blocked, HIV-1<jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>infection was reduced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>up-regulation of CCR5 increases<jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>infection of harbored R5-tropic HIV-1 from oral keratinocytes to permissive cells. Oral infections such as periodontitis may, therefore, increase risk for oral infection and dissemination of R5-tropic HIV-1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-5-29","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,27]],"date-time":"2008-03-27T19:14:42Z","timestamp":1206645282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Porphyromonas gingivalisinduces CCR5-dependent transfer of infectious HIV-1 from oral keratinocytes to permissive cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo A","family":"Giacaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil C","family":"Asrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin H","family":"Gebhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjalee","family":"Vacharaksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen F","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark C","family":"Herzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9567","key":"854_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60283-9","volume":"369","author":"HM Coovadia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coovadia HM, Rollins NC, Bland RM, Little K, Coutsoudis A, Bennish ML, Newell ML: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection during exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life: an intervention cohort study. 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