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Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring component of<jats:italic>Brassica<\/jats:italic>vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli and Brussels sprout, is a promising chemopreventive agent as it is reported to possess antimutagenic, antitumorigenic and antiestrogenic properties in experimental studies. The aim of this study was to determine the potential anti-ATLL effects of I3C both<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>study, I3C inhibited cell viability of HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines and ATLL cells in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, I3C did not exert any inhibitory effect on uninfected T-cell lines and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. I3C prevented the G<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/S transition by reducing the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D2, Cdk4 and Cdk6, and induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of XIAP, survivin and Bcl-2, and by upregulating the expression of Bak. The induced apoptosis was associated with activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. I3C also suppressed I\u03baB\u03b1 phosphorylation and JunD expression, resulting in inactivation of NF-\u03baB and AP-1. Inoculation of HTLV-1-infected T cells in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency resulted in tumor growth. The latter was inhibited by treatment with I3C (50 mg\/kg\/day orally), but not the vehicle control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our preclinical data suggest that I3C could be potentially a useful chemotherapeutic agent for patients with ATLL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,16]],"date-time":"2009-01-16T07:13:28Z","timestamp":1232090008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Anti-adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma effects of indole-3-carbinol"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Machijima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chie","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeki","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taeko","family":"Okudaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-nosuke","family":"Uchihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuetsu","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoya","family":"Taira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1012_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","volume":"77","author":"BJ Poiesz","year":"1980","unstructured":"Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC: Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. 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