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Both CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> lymphocytes are infected <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>; their expansion relies on CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell cycling and on the prevention of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell death. Cloned infected CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> but not CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells from patients without malignancy also add up nuclear and mitotic defects typical of genetic instability related to theexpression of the virus-encoded oncogene <jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic>. HTLV-1 expression is cancer-prone <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, but <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> numerous selection forces act to maintain T cell homeostasis and are possibly involved in clonal selection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Here we demonstrate that the HTLV-1 associated CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> preleukemic phenotype and the specific patterns of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> clonal expansion are <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> selected processes. By comparing the effects of recent (1 month) experimental infections performed <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and those observed in cloned T cells from patients infected for &gt;6-26 years, we found that in chronically HTLV-1 infected individuals, HTLV-1 positive clones are selected for <jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic> expression. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>, infected CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells are positively selected for cell cycling whereas infected CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells and uninfected CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells are negatively selected for the same processes. In contrast, the known HTLV-1-dependent prevention of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell death pertains to both <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> infected cells.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Therefore, virus-cell interactions alone are not sufficient to initiate early leukemogenesis <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-7-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]],"date-time":"2010-03-30T06:15:37Z","timestamp":1269929737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Tax gene expression and cell cycling but not cell death are selected during HTLV-1 infection in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Zane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sibon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Jeannin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Zandecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Delfau-Larue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Gessain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Gout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Pinatel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Lan\u00e7on","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Mortreux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Wattel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1820_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V50.3.481.481","volume":"50","author":"T Uchiyama","year":"1977","unstructured":"Uchiyama T, Yodoi J, Sagawa K, Takatsuki K, Uchino H: Adult T-cell leukemia: clinical and hematologic features of 16 cases. 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