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We previously found that a small fraction of asymptomatic HTLV-1-carriers (AC) already showed impaired T-cell responses against the major target antigen, Tax. However, it is unclear whether the impaired HTLV-1 Tax-specific T-cell response in these individuals is an HTLV-1-specific phenomenon, or merely reflects general immune suppression. In this study, in order to characterize the impaired HTLV-1-specific T-cell response, we investigated the function of Tax-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cells in various clinical status of HTLV-1 infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>By using tetramers consisting of HLA-A*0201, -A*2402, or -A*1101, and corresponding Tax epitope peptides, we detected Tax-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cells in the peripheral blood from 87.0% of ACs (n = 20\/23) and 100% of HAM\/TSP patients (n = 18\/18) tested. We also detected Tax-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cells in 38.1% of chronic type ATL (cATL) patients (n = 8\/21), although its frequencies in peripheral blood CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells were significantly lower than those of ACs or HAM\/TSP patients. Tax-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cells detected in HAM\/TSP patients proliferated well in culture and produced IFN-\u03b3 when stimulated with Tax peptides. However, such functions were severely impaired in the Tax-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cells detected in cATL patients. In ACs, the responses of Tax-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cells were retained in most cases. However, we found one AC sample whose Tax-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cells hardly produced IFN-\u03b3, and failed to proliferate and express activation (CD69) and degranulation (CD107a) markers in response to Tax peptide. Importantly, the same AC sample contained cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cells that possessed functions upon CMV pp65 peptide stimulation. We further examined additional samples of two smoldering type ATL patients and found that they also showed dysfunctions of Tax-specific but not CMV-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings indicated that Tax-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cells were scarce and dysfunctional not only in ATL patients but also in a limited AC population, and that the dysfunction was selective for HTLV-1-specifc CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cells in early stages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-8-100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]],"date-time":"2011-12-07T21:27:11Z","timestamp":1323293231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Functional impairment of Tax-specific but not cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in a minor population of asymptomatic human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-carriers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ayako","family":"Takamori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuhiko","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atae","family":"Utsunomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Yamano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yotaro","family":"Tamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amane","family":"Sasada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilseung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naokuni","family":"Uike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Okamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiki","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Kannagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2632_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6476","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.10.6476","volume":"78","author":"Y Hinuma","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hinuma Y, Nagata K, Hanaoka M, Nakai M, Matsumoto T, Kinoshita KI, Shirakawa S, Miyoshi I: Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera. 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