{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:22:04Z","timestamp":1792736524507,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]],"date-time":"2004-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]],"date-time":"2004-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Vaccinia virus, the prototype member of the family <jats:italic>Poxviridae<\/jats:italic>, was used extensively in the past as the Smallpox vaccine, and is currently considered as a candidate vector for new recombinant vaccines. Vaccinia virus has a wide host range, and is known to infect cultures of a variety of cell lines of mammalian origin. However, little is known about the virus tropism in human leukocyte populations. We report here that various cell types within leukocyte populations have widely different susceptibility to infection with vaccinia virus.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>We have investigated the ability of vaccinia virus to infect human PBLs by using virus recombinants expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), and monoclonal antibodies specific for PBL subpopulations. Flow cytometry allowed the identification of infected cells within the PBL mixture 1\u20135 hours after infection. Antibody labeling revealed that different cell populations had very different infection rates. Monocytes showed the highest percentage of infected cells, followed by B lymphocytes and NK cells. In contrast to those cell types, the rate of infection of T lymphocytes was low. Comparison of vaccinia virus strains WR and MVA showed that both strains infected efficiently the monocyte population, although producing different expression levels. Our results suggest that MVA was less efficient than WR in infecting NK cells and B lymphocytes. Overall, both WR and MVA consistently showed a strong preference for the infection of non-T cells.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>When infecting fresh human PBL preparations, vaccinia virus showed a strong bias towards the infection of monocytes, followed by B lymphocytes and NK cells. In contrast, very poor infection of T lymphocytes was detected. These finding may have important implications both in our understanding of poxvirus pathogenesis and in the development of improved smallpox vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422x-1-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,13]],"date-time":"2005-01-13T00:25:30Z","timestamp":1105575930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Susceptibility of different leukocyte cell types to Vaccinia virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Juana M","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Puig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garbi\u00f1e","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"10_CR1","first-page":"2637","volume-title":"Fields Virology","author":"B Moss","year":"1996","unstructured":"Moss B: Poxviridae: the viruses and their replication. In Fields Virology. Volume 2. 3rd edition. Edited by: Fields BN, Knipe DM and Howley PM. Philadelphia, Pa, Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1996:2637-2671.","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"10_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-2-347","volume":"79","author":"I Drexler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Drexler I, Heller K, Wahren B, Erfle V, Sutter G: Highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara replicates in baby hamster kidney cells, a potential host for virus propagation, but not in various human transformed and primary cells.\n                           J Gen Virol 1998, 79: 347-352.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8845","volume":"238","author":"MW Carroll","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carroll MW, Moss B: Host range and cytopathogenicity of the highly attenuated MVA strain of vaccinia virus: propagation and generation of recombinant viruses in a nonhuman mammalian cell line.\n                           Virology 1997, 238: 198-211. 10.1006\/viro.1997.8845","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2174\/1568005033481123","volume":"3","author":"G Sutter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sutter G, Staib C: Vaccinia vectors as candidate vaccines: the development of modified vaccinia virus Ankara for antigen delivery.\n                           Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 2003, 3: 263-271.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord"},{"key":"10_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10847","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.22.10847","volume":"89","author":"G Sutter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sutter G, Moss B: Nonreplicating vaccinia vector efficiently expresses recombinant genes.\n                           Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992, 89: 10847-10851.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(98)00156-2","volume":"220","author":"J Dominguez","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dominguez J, Lorenzo MM, Blasco R: Green fluorescent protein expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus permits early detection of infected cells by flow cytometry.\n                           J Immunol Methods 1998, 220: 115-121. 10.1016\/S0022-1759(98)00156-2","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"10_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.2.8.787-792.1968","volume":"2","author":"G Miller","year":"1968","unstructured":"Miller G, Enders JF: Vaccinia virus replication and cytopathic effect in cultures in phytohemagglutinin-treated human peripheral blood leukocytes.\n                           J Virol 1968, 2: 787-792.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.81.6.460","volume":"81","author":"M Nishmi","year":"1958","unstructured":"Nishmi M, Bernkopf H: The toxic effect of vaccinia virus on leucocytes in vitro.\n                           J Immunol 1958, 81: 460-466.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6762","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.12.6762","volume":"163","author":"J Engelmayer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Engelmayer J, Larsson M, Subklewe M, Chahroudi A, Cox WI, Steinman RM, Bhardwaj N: Vaccinia virus inhibits the maturation of human dendritic cells: a novel mechanism of immune evasion.\n                           J Immunol 1999, 163: 6762-6768.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301287","volume":"7","author":"L Jenne","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jenne L, Hauser C, Arrighi JF, Saurat JH, Hugin AW: Poxvirus as a vector to transduce human dendritic cells for immunotherapy: abortive infection but reduced APC function.\n                           Gene Ther 2000, 7: 1575-1583. 10.1038\/sj.gt.3301287","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"10_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)90257-7","volume":"142","author":"CC Broder","year":"1994","unstructured":"Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Michaels F, Berger EA: Expression of foreign genes in cultured human primary macrophages using recombinant vaccinia virus vectors.\n                           Gene 1994, 142: 167-174. 10.1016\/0378-1119(94)90257-7","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-11-2821","volume":"83","author":"Z Humlova","year":"2002","unstructured":"Humlova Z, Vokurka M, Esteban M, Melkova Z: Vaccinia virus induces apoptosis of infected macrophages.\n                           J Gen Virol 2002, 83: 2821-2832.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0203","volume":"268","author":"R Drillien","year":"2000","unstructured":"Drillien R, Spehner D, Bohbot A, Hanau D: Vaccinia virus-related events and phenotypic changes after infection of dendritic cells derived from human monocytes.\n                           Virology 2000, 268: 471-481. 10.1006\/viro.2000.0203","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.79998-0","volume":"85","author":"R Drillien","year":"2004","unstructured":"Drillien R, Spehner D, Hanau D: Modified vaccinia virus Ankara induces moderate activation of human dendritic cells.\n                           J Gen Virol 2004, 85: 2167-2175. 10.1099\/vir.0.79998-0","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(98)00105-1","volume":"58","author":"E Baixeras","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baixeras E, Cebrian A, Albar JP, Salas J, Martinez AC, Vinuela E, Revilla Y: Vaccinia virus-induced apoptosis in immature B lymphocytes: role of cellular Bcl-2.\n                           Virus Res 1998, 58: 107-113. 10.1016\/S0168-1702(98)00105-1","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"10_CR16","first-page":"93","volume":"19","author":"R Benda","year":"1975","unstructured":"Benda R, Cinatl J, Plaisner V: Reproduction of vaccinia virus (strain neurolapina) in rabbit blood leucocytes in vitro.\n                           J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1975, 19: 93-104.","journal-title":"J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01585.x","volume":"34","author":"JM Alonso","year":"1991","unstructured":"Alonso JM, Rodriguez J, Vinuela E, Kroemer G, Martinez C: Highly efficient expression of proteins encoded by recombinant vaccinia virus in lymphocytes.\n                           Scand J Immunol 1991, 34: 619-626.","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"10_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(95)00149-Z","volume":"158","author":"R Blasco","year":"1995","unstructured":"Blasco R, Moss B: Selection of recombinant vaccinia viruses on the basis of plaque formation.\n                           Gene 1995, 158: 157-162. 10.1016\/0378-1119(95)00149-Z","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.7.4170-4179.1992","volume":"66","author":"R Blasco","year":"1992","unstructured":"Blasco R, Moss B: Role of cell-associated enveloped vaccinia virus in cell-to-cell virus spread.\n                           J Virol 1992, 66: 4170-4179.","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1743-422X-1-10.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1743-422X-1-10\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1743-422X-1-10.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:26:41Z","timestamp":1728304001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1743-422X-1-10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422x-1-10","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2004","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2004","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"10"}}