{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T22:07:50Z","timestamp":1717970870825},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Ectromelia virus, a member of the Orthopox genus, is the causative agent of the highly infectious mousepox disease. Previous studies have shown that different poxviruses induce cell-cell fusion which is manifested by the formation of multinucleated-giant cells (polykaryocytes). This phenomenon has been widely studied with vaccinia virus in conditions which require artificial acidification of the medium.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We show that Ectromelia virus induces cell-cell fusion under neutral pH conditions and requires the presence of a sufficient amount of viral particles on the plasma membrane of infected cells. This could be achieved by infection with a replicating virus and its propagation in infected cells (fusion \"from within\") or by infection with a high amount of virus particles per cell (fusion \"from without\"). Inhibition of virus maturation or inhibition of virus transport on microtubules towards the plasma membrane resulted in a complete inhibition of syncytia formation. We show that in contrast to vaccinia virus, Ectromelia virus induces cell-cell fusion irrespectively of its hemagglutination properties and cell-surface expression of the orthologs of the fusion inhibitory complex, A56 and K2. Additionally, cell-cell fusion was also detected in mice lungs following lethal respiratory infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Ectromelia virus induces spontaneous cell-cell fusion in-vitro and in-vivo although expressing an A56\/K2 fusion inhibitory complex. This syncytia formation property cannot be attributed to the 37 amino acid deletion in ECTV A56.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422x-6-151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,29]],"date-time":"2009-09-29T18:14:05Z","timestamp":1254248045000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Induction of cell-cell fusion by ectromelia virus is not inhibited by its fusion inhibitory complex"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Noam","family":"Erez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Paran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Galia","family":"Maik-Rachline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boaz","family":"Politi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomer","family":"Israely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Schnider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pinhas","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Melamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shlomo","family":"Lustig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"665_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.037","volume":"344","author":"B Moss","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moss B: Poxvirus entry and membrane fusion. Virology 2006, 344: 48-54. 10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.037","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"665_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-12-2915","volume":"83","author":"GL Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith GL, Vanderplasschen A, Law M: The formation and function of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus. J Gen Virol 2002, 83: 2915-2931.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"665_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80831-0","volume":"86","author":"GC Carter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carter GC, Law M, Hollinshead M, Smith GL: Entry of the vaccinia virus intracellular mature virion and its interactions with glycosaminoglycans. J Gen Virol 2005, 86: 1279-1290. 10.1099\/vir.0.80831-0","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"665_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6286","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00274-07","volume":"81","author":"TR Wagenaar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wagenaar TR, Moss B: Association of vaccinia virus fusion regulatory proteins with the multicomponent entry\/fusion complex. J Virol 2007, 81: 6286-6293. 10.1128\/JVI.00274-07","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"665_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(71)90057-2","volume":"46","author":"Y Ichihashi","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ichihashi Y, Dales S: Biogenesis of poxviruses: interrelationship between hemagglutinin production and polykaryocytosis. Virology 1971, 46: 533-543. 10.1016\/0042-6822(71)90057-2","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"665_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5978","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.10.5978-5987.1995","volume":"69","author":"PC Turner","year":"1995","unstructured":"Turner PC, Moyer RW: Orthopoxvirus fusion inhibitor glycoprotein SPI-3 (open reading frame K2L) contains motifs characteristic of serine proteinase inhibitors that are not required for control of cell fusion. J Virol 1995, 69: 5978-5987.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"665_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.11.012","volume":"347","author":"PC Turner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Turner PC, Moyer RW: The cowpox virus fusion regulator proteins SPI-3 and hemagglutinin interact in infected and uninfected cells. Virology 2006, 347: 88-99. 10.1016\/j.virol.2005.11.012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"665_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(48)91599-2","volume":"2","author":"F Fenner","year":"1948","unstructured":"Fenner F: The pathogenesis of the acute exanthems; an interpretation based on experimental investigations with mousepox; infectious ectromelia of mice. Lancet 1948, 2: 915-920. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(48)91599-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"665_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.08.015","volume":"106","author":"GL Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith GL, Law M: The exit of vaccinia virus from infected cells. Virus Res 2004, 106: 189-197. 10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.08.015","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"665_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00613.x","volume":"8","author":"TP Newsome","year":"2006","unstructured":"Newsome TP, Weisswange I, Frischknecht F, Way M: Abl collaborates with Src family kinases to stimulate actin-based motility of vaccinia virus. Cell Microbiol 2006, 8: 233-241. 10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00613.x","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"665_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1265","volume":"11","author":"PM Reeves","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reeves PM, Bommarius B, Lebeis S, McNulty S, Christensen J, Swimm A, Chahroudi A, Chavan R, Feinberg MB, Veach D, et al.: Disabling poxvirus pathogenesis by inhibition of Abl-family tyrosine kinases. Nat Med 2005, 11: 731-739. 10.1038\/nm1265","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"665_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(82)90521-9","volume":"117","author":"H Shida","year":"1982","unstructured":"Shida H, Dales S: Biogenesis of vaccinia: molecular basis for the hemagglutination-negative phenotype of the IHD-W strain. Virology 1982, 117: 219-237. 10.1016\/0042-6822(82)90521-9","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"665_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5153","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00162-08","volume":"82","author":"TR Wagenaar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wagenaar TR, Ojeda S, Moss B: Vaccinia virus A56\/K2 fusion regulatory protein interacts with the A16 and G9 subunits of the entry fusion complex. J Virol 2008, 82: 5153-5160. 10.1128\/JVI.00162-08","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"665_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01320773","volume":"63","author":"T Mills","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mills T, Pratt BC: Differentiation of ectromelia virus haemagglutinin from haemagglutinins of other poxviruses. Arch Virol 1980, 63: 153-157. 10.1007\/BF01320773","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"665_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.4.2076-2085.1992","volume":"66","author":"PC Turner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Turner PC, Moyer RW: An orthopoxvirus serpinlike gene controls the ability of infected cells to fuse. J Virol 1992, 66: 2076-2085.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"665_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9528","volume":"49","author":"CK Otterbein","year":"1996","unstructured":"Otterbein CK, Meyer H, Renner-Muller IC, Munz E: In vivo and in vitro characterization of two camelpoxvirus isolates with decreased virulence. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 1996, 49: 114-120.","journal-title":"Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop"},{"key":"665_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","volume":"350","author":"KD Reed","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, Regnery RL, Sotir MJ, Wegner MV, Kazmierczak JJ, Stratman EJ, Li Y, Fairley JA, et al.: The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. N Engl J Med 2004, 350: 342-350. 10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"665_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317540","volume":"49","author":"EK Thomas","year":"1975","unstructured":"Thomas EK, Palmer EL, Obijeski JF, Nakano JH: Further characterization of Raccoonpox virus. Arch Virol 1975, 49: 217-227. 10.1007\/BF01317540","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"665_CR19","first-page":"25","volume":"285","author":"LJ Earp","year":"2005","unstructured":"Earp LJ, Delos SE, Park HE, White JM: The many mechanisms of viral membrane fusion proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005, 285: 25-66. full_text","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"665_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8899","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01053-06","volume":"80","author":"AC Townsley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Townsley AC, Weisberg AS, Wagenaar TR, Moss B: Vaccinia virus entry into cells via a low-pH-dependent endosomal pathway. J Virol 2006, 80: 8899-8908. 10.1128\/JVI.01053-06","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"665_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-76-1-103","volume":"76","author":"D Ulaeto","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ulaeto D, Grosenbach D, Hruby DE: Brefeldin A inhibits vaccinia virus envelopment but does not prevent normal processing and localization of the putative envelopment receptor P37. J Gen Virol 1995,76(Pt 1):103-111. 10.1099\/0022-1317-76-1-103","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"665_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200104124","volume":"154","author":"M Hollinshead","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hollinshead M, Rodger G, Van Eijl H, Law M, Hollinshead R, Vaux DJ, Smith GL: Vaccinia virus utilizes microtubules for movement to the cell surface. J Cell Biol 2001, 154: 389-402. 10.1083\/jcb.200104124","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"665_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11651","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.23.11651-11663.2001","volume":"75","author":"BM Ward","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ward BM, Moss B: Vaccinia virus intracellular movement is associated with microtubules and independent of actin tails. J Virol 2001, 75: 11651-11663. 10.1128\/JVI.75.23.11651-11663.2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"665_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.07.020","volume":"380","author":"PC Turner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turner PC, Moyer RW: The vaccinia virus fusion inhibitor proteins SPI-3 (K2) and HA (A56) expressed by infected cells reduce the entry of superinfecting virus. Virology 2008, 380: 226-233. 10.1016\/j.virol.2008.07.020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"665_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01684-08","volume":"83","author":"TR Wagenaar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wagenaar TR, Moss B: Expression of the A56 and K2 proteins is sufficient to inhibit vaccinia virus entry and cell fusion. J Virol 2009, 83: 1546-1554. 10.1128\/JVI.01684-08","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"665_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(76)90022-2","volume":"75","author":"W Stern","year":"1976","unstructured":"Stern W, Dales S: Biogenesis of vaccinia: isolation and characterization of a surface component that elicits antibody suppressing infectivity and cell-cell fusion. Virology 1976, 75: 232-241. 10.1016\/0042-6822(76)90022-2","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"665_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90422-N","volume":"175","author":"M Seki","year":"1990","unstructured":"Seki M, Oie M, Ichihashi Y, Shida H: Hemadsorption and fusion inhibition activities of hemagglutinin analyzed by vaccinia virus mutants. Virology 1990, 175: 372-384. 10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90422-N","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"665_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)91228-M","volume":"190","author":"JC Knight","year":"1992","unstructured":"Knight JC, Goldsmith CS, Tamin A, Regnery RL, Regnery DC, Esposito JJ: Further analyses of the orthopoxviruses volepox virus and raccoon poxvirus. Virology 1992, 190: 423-433. 10.1016\/0042-6822(92)91228-M","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"665_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.09.023","volume":"25","author":"S Melamed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Melamed S, Paran N, Katz L, Ben-Nathan D, Israely T, Schneider P, Levin R, Lustig S: Tail scarification with Vaccinia virus Lister as a model for evaluation of smallpox vaccine potency in mice. Vaccine 2007, 25: 7743-7753. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.09.023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"665_CR30","volume-title":"Virus isolation and quantitaion","author":"JC Hierhozler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hierhozler JC, Killington RA: Virus isolation and quantitaion. Academic Press; 1996."},{"key":"665_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10230","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10230-10237.2004","volume":"78","author":"C Fogg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fogg C, Lustig S, Whitbeck JC, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH, Moss B: Protective immunity to vaccinia virus induced by vaccination with multiple recombinant outer membrane proteins of intracellular and extracellular virions. J Virol 2004, 78: 10230-10237. 10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10230-10237.2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"665_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2003.11.033","volume":"294","author":"N Erez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Erez N, Zamir E, Gour BJ, Blaschuk OW, Geiger B: Induction of apoptosis in cultured endothelial cells by a cadherin antagonist peptide: involvement of fibroblast growth factor receptor-mediated signalling. Exp Cell Res 2004, 294: 366-378. 10.1016\/j.yexcr.2003.11.033","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1743-422X-6-151.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T09:52:23Z","timestamp":1630489943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1743-422X-6-151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,29]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422x-6-151","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 September 2009","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2009","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2009","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"151"}}