{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T12:03:22Z","timestamp":1768997002912,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Prevalence of active hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in apparently healthy inhabitants of District Mansehra, Pakistan was surveyed during September, 2009 to May, 2010. Subjects of different age and gender groups were analyzed through random blood sampling from people of three areas viz; Tehsil Mansehra, Tehsil Balakot and Tehsil Oghi. Sum of 400 individuals, 300 male and 100 females with age groups from 10 years to 50 and above were included in the study. All the individuals were screened for antibodies against HCV. The positive samples thus screened, were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for detection of HCV-RNA. The results showed that 3.5% of the people of District Mansehra are actively infected with HCV whereas 7% of the population in general, has the presence of antibodies against HCV in their blood. It was also concluded that the prevalence of active HCV infection was high 4% in males as compared to females (2%). The prevalence of HCV proportionality increases with the increase in age of the people. Its incidence was highest (7.69%) in the people of the age group of 51 years and above, whereas no sign of infection was recorded for the age group of 10-20 years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422x-7-334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,23]],"date-time":"2010-11-23T07:13:57Z","timestamp":1290496437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Prevalence of active hepatitis c virus infection in district mansehra pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ijaz","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheema","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gulshan","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Idrees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1078_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290311","volume":"29","author":"SA Villano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Villano SA, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Cohn S, Thomas DL: Persistence of viremia and the importance of long-term follow-up after acute hepatitis C infection. Hepatology 1999,29(3):908-914. 10.1002\/hep.510290311","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1078_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212313272702","volume":"327","author":"MJ Alter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Alter MJ, Margolis HS, Krawczynski K, Judson FN, Mares A, Alexander WJ, Hu PY: The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. The Sentinel Counties Chronic non-A, non-B Hepatitis Study Team. N Engl J Med 1992, 327: 1899-1905. 10.1056\/NEJM199212313272702","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1078_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.1.201-207.1997","volume":"35","author":"T Ohno","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ohno T, Mizokami M, Wu RR, Saleh MG, Ohba KI, Orito E, Mukaide M, Williams R, Lau JYN: New Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Genotyping System that allows for identification of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4, 5a and 6a. J Clin Microbiol 1997, 35: 201-207.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1078_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.9876","volume":"32","author":"F Thomas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thomas F, Wellnitz S, Shigekiaono S, Satio J, Herion D, Gerlach T, Pape G, Lau J, Hoofnagle J, Blum H, Jake T: Antibodies Against Hepatitis C Virus-Like Particles and Viral Clearance in Acute and Chronic Hepatitis C. Hepatology 2000,32(3):610-617. 10.1053\/jhep.2000.9876","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1078_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5386.103","volume":"282","author":"AU Neumann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Neumann AU, Lam NP, Dahari H: Hepatitis C viral dynamics in vivo and the antiviral efficacy of interferon-alpha therapy. Science 1998, 282: 103-107. 10.1126\/science.282.5386.103","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1078_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6547","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.17.6547","volume":"87","author":"I Saito","year":"1990","unstructured":"Saito I, Miyamura T, Ohbayashi A, Harada H: Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990, 87: 6547-6549. 10.1073\/pnas.87.17.6547","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1078_CR7","first-page":"376","volume":"81","author":"VL Re","year":"2005","unstructured":"Re VL, Kostman JR: Management of chronic hepatitis C. Postgrad. Med J 2005, 81: 376-382.","journal-title":"Med J"},{"key":"1078_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01649-0","volume":"4","author":"WR Kim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kim WR: Global Epidemiology and Burden of Hepatitis C. Microbes Infect 2002, 4: 1219-1225. 10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01649-0","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"1078_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00779.x","volume":"6","author":"A Bari","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bari A, Akhtar S, Rahbar MH: Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in male adults in Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan. Trop Med Int Health 2001, 6: 732-738. 10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00779.x","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"1078_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-5926-5-4","volume":"5","author":"A Kabir","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kabir A, Alavian SM, Keyvani H: Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients infected by different sources and its correlation with clinical and virological parameters: a preliminary study. Comparative Hepatology 2006, 5: 4. 10.1186\/1476-5926-5-4","journal-title":"Comparative Hepatology"},{"key":"1078_CR11","first-page":"41","volume":"3","author":"T Syed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Syed T, Jamal MM: Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Int J Med Sci 2006, 3: 41-46.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"1078_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-203","volume":"7","author":"A Ali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ali A, Ahmad H, Idrees M: Molecular epidemiology of Hapatitis C Virus Genotypes in Khyber Pukhtoonkhaw of Pakistan. Virology J 2010, 7: 203. 10.1186\/1743-422X-7-203","journal-title":"Virology J"},{"key":"1078_CR13","first-page":"534","volume":"149","author":"N Khokhar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khokhar N, Gill ML, Malik GJ: General seroprevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infections in population. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2004, 149: 534-536.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"1078_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268897007899","volume":"119","author":"SP Luby","year":"1997","unstructured":"Luby SP, Qamruddin K, Shah AA: The relationship between therapeutic injections and high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 1997, 119: 349-356. 10.1017\/S0950268897007899","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"1078_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(09)60481-1","volume":"13","author":"AA Syed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Syed AA, Rafe MJ, Qureshi H, Vermund SH: Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 2009, 13: 9-19. 10.1016\/S1201-9712(09)60481-1","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1078_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2008.7","volume":"29","author":"MN Khattak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khattak MN, Akhtar S, Mahmud S, Roshan TM: Factors influencing Hepatitis C virus sero-prevalence among blood donors in North West Pakistan. J Public Health Policy 2008, 29: 207-225. 10.1057\/jphp.2008.7","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"1078_CR17","first-page":"46","volume":"19","author":"SS Ali","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ali SS, Ali IS, Amir AM, Jadoon Z, Inayatullah S: Frequency of Hepatitis-C infection in Diabetic Patients. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2007, 19: 46-49.","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"1078_CR18","first-page":"7","volume-title":"New challanges in blood banks screening and environment, Paris, October 1992, Interface Proceeding. Turnhout (Belgium)","author":"ML Ribero","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ribero ML, Tremolada F, Chiaromonte S: HCV detection in non-A, non-B patiens groups. In New challanges in blood banks screening and environment, Paris, October 1992, Interface Proceeding. Turnhout (Belgium) Edited by: Polders I, Stuyck M. 1993, 7-10."},{"issue":"7","key":"1078_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603649","volume":"96","author":"SA Raza","year":"2007","unstructured":"Raza SA, Clifford GM, Franceschi S: Worldwide variation in the relative importance of hepatitis B andhepatitis C viruses in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Br J Cancer 2007,96(7):1127-1134. 10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603649","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"1078_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-147","volume":"8","author":"S Khan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khan S, Rai MA, Khan A, Farooq A, Kazmi SU, Ali SH: Prevalence of HCV and HIV infections in 2005-Earthquak areas of Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis 2008, 8: 147. 10.1186\/1471-2334-8-147","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1078_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1999.6120139.x","volume":"6","author":"Anonymous","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anonymous: Global surveillance and control of hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 1999, 6: 35-47. 10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1999.6120139.x","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"1078_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2004.025403","volume":"81","author":"RV Lo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lo RV, Kostman JR: Management of chronic hepatitis C. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2005, 81: 376-382. 10.1136\/pgmj.2004.025403","journal-title":"Postgraduate Medical Journal"},{"key":"1078_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-002-0728-4","volume":"10","author":"M Colombo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Colombo M, Rumi MG, Ninno ED: Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Europe. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2003, 10: 168-1671. 10.1007\/s00534-002-0728-4","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg"},{"key":"1078_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-69","volume":"8","author":"M Idrees","year":"2008","unstructured":"Idrees M, Riazuddin S: Frequency distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in different geographical regions of Pakistan and their possible routes of transmission. BMC Infect Dis 2008, 8: 69. 10.1186\/1471-2334-8-69","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1078_CR25","first-page":"171","volume":"18","author":"M Farhana","year":"2008","unstructured":"Farhana M, Hussain I, Haroon TS: Hepatitis C: the dermatologic profile. J Pak Assoc Derm 2008, 18: 171-181.","journal-title":"J Pak Assoc Derm"},{"key":"1078_CR26","first-page":"64","volume":"23","author":"IA Chaudhary","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chaudhary IA, Samiullah U, Khan SS, Masood R, Sardar MA, Mallhi AA: Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among the healthy blood donors at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi. Pak J Med Sci 2007, 23: 64-67.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"1078_CR27","first-page":"6","volume":"2","author":"W Jehangir","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jehangir W, Ali F, Shahnawaz U, Iqbal T, Qureshi HJ: Prevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV in blood donors of South Punjab. Esculapio 2006, 2: 6-7.","journal-title":"Esculapio"},{"key":"1078_CR28","first-page":"551","volume":"6","author":"ZY Hashmie","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hashmie ZY, Chaudhary AH, Ahmad M, Ashraf M: Incidence of healthy voluntary blood donors at Faisalabad. The Prof Med J 1999, 6: 551-555.","journal-title":"The Prof Med J"},{"key":"1078_CR29","first-page":"61","volume":"36","author":"K Kazmi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kazmi K, Sadaruddin A, Dil AS, Zuberi SJ: Prevalence of HCV in blood donors. Pak J Med Res 1997, 36: 61-62.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Res"},{"key":"1078_CR30","first-page":"57","volume":"29","author":"MSA Khan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khan MSA, Khalid M, Ayub N, Javed M: Seroprevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Mardan, N.W.F.P. Rawal Med J 2004, 29: 57-60.","journal-title":"Rawal Med J"},{"key":"1078_CR31","first-page":"11","volume":"15","author":"N Muhammad","year":"2005","unstructured":"Muhammad N, Jan A: Frequency of hepatitis C in Bunir, NWFP. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2005, 15: 11-14.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"1078_CR32","first-page":"198","volume":"49","author":"WU Tariq","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tariq WU, Hussain AB, Karamat KA, Ghani E, Hussain T, Hussain S: Demographic aspects of hepatitis C in Northern Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 1999, 49: 198-201.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"1078_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.06.019","volume":"13","author":"SA Ali","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ali SA, Rafe M, Donahue J, Qureshi H, Vermund SH: Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Pakistan: prevalence and risk factors. Int J Infect Dis 2009, 13: 9-19. 10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.06.019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1078_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2000.560207.x","volume":"56","author":"L Arlic","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arlic L, Fort M, Izopet J, Vinel JP, Bureau C, Sandre K, Charlet JP, Beraud M, Abbal M, Duffaut M: Study of host and virus related factors associated with spontaneous hepatitis C clearance. Tissue Antigens 2000, 56: 154-158. 10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2000.560207.x","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1743-422X-7-334.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T12:20:28Z","timestamp":1630498828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1743-422X-7-334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,22]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422x-7-334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 October 2010","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2010","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2010","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"334"}}