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Here, we investigated the impact of low and high doses of IL-2 in Rhesus macaques of Chinese origin infected with SIVmac251 in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrated that rIL-2 induced a dose dependent expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells without affecting viral load. rIL-2 increased CD4 and CD8 Treg cells as defined by the expression of CD25<jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>FoxP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD127<jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>. We also showed that rIL-2 modulated spontaneous and Fas-mediated CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell apoptosis. The higher dose exhibited a dramatic pro-apoptotic effect on both CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell populations. Finally, all the animals treated with rIL-2 developed a wasting syndrome in the month following treatment simultaneously to a dramatic decrease of circulating effector T cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data contribute to the understanding of the homeostatic and dosage effects of IL-2 in the context of SIV\/HIV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422x-9-220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,30]],"date-time":"2012-09-30T12:37:51Z","timestamp":1349008671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["IL-2 immunotherapy in chronically SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Garibal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Laforge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahul","family":"Mouhamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Campillo-Gimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"L\u00e9vy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Estaquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1890_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401600","volume":"12","author":"B Hurtrel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hurtrel B, Petit F, Arnoult D, Muller-Trutwin M, Silvestri G, Estaquier J: Apoptosis in SIV infection. 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