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Thus, in addition to the HA and NA gene segments, monitoring diversity of NS1 and PB1-F2 is also important.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>55 out of 166 circulating influenza A strains (31 H1N1 and 24 H3N2) were randomly picked during 2007-2009 and NS and PB1-F2 genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out with reference to the prototype strains, concurrent vaccine strains and other reference strains isolated world wide.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Comparative analysis of both nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences, revealed presence of NS gene with A\/PR\/8\/34(H1N1)-like mutations (H4N, Q21R, A22V, K44R, N53D, C59R, V60A, F103S and M106I) in both RNA-binding and effector domain of NS1 protein, and G63E, the HPAI-H5N1-like mutation in NEP\/NS2 of five A\/H1N1 strains of 2007 and 2009. NS1 of other A\/H1N1 strains clustered with concurrent A\/H1N1 vaccine strains. Of 31 A\/H1N1 strains, five had PB1-F2 similar to the H3N2 strains; six had non-functional PB1-F2 protein (11 amino acids) similar to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strains and rest 20 strains had 57 amino acids PB1-F2 protein, similar to concurrent A\/H1N1 vaccine strain. Interestingly, three A\/H1N1 strains with H3N2-like PB1-F2 protein carried primitive PR8-like NS gene. Full gene sequencing of PB1 gene confirmed presence of H3N2-like PB1 gene in these A\/H1N1 strains.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Overall the study highlights reassortment event involving gene segments other than HA and NA in the co-circulating A\/H1N1 and A\/H3N2 strains and their importance in complexity of influenza virus genetics. In contrast, NS and PB1-F2 genes of all A\/H3N2 eastern India strains were highly conserved and homologous to the concurrent A\/H3N2 vaccine strains suggesting that these gene segments of H3N2 viruses are evolutionarily more stable compared to H1N1 viruses.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422x-9-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]],"date-time":"2012-01-06T01:29:46Z","timestamp":1325813386000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Surveillance in eastern India (2007-2009) revealed reassortment event involving ns and PB1-F2 gene segments among co-circulating influenza a subtypes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mehuli","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shampa","family":"Chanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sekhar","family":"Chakrabarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaydeep","family":"Mazumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anirban","family":"Ganguly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mandeep S","family":"Chadha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akhilesh C","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamta","family":"Chawla-Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1675_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1201-1306","volume":"7","author":"W Chen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen W, Calvo PA, Malide D, Gibbs J, Schubert U, Bacik I, Basta S, O'Neill R, Schickli J, Palase P, Henklein P, Yewdell JW: A novel influenza A virus mitochondrial protein that induces cell death. 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