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The availability of amino groups on the surfaces of TEV particles was determined and the immune response to TEV evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using a biotin-tagged molecule that reacts specifically with amino groups, we found that the TEV capsid protein has amino groups on its surface available for coupling to other molecules <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> crosslinkers. Intraperitoneal TEV was administered to female BALB\/c mice, and both their humoral and cellular responses measured. Different IgG isotypes, particularly IgG2a, directed against TEV were induced. In a cell proliferation assay, only spleen cells from vaccinated mice that were stimulated <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> with TEV showed significant proliferation of CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> subpopulations and secreted significant amounts of interferon \u03b3.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>TEV has surface amino groups that are available for chemical coupling. TEV induces both humoral and cellular responses when administered alone intraperitoneally to mice. Therefore, TEV should be evaluated as a vaccine adjuvant when chemically coupled to antigens of choice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422x-9-75","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,27]],"date-time":"2012-03-27T16:14:34Z","timestamp":1332864874000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immune response to a potyvirus with exposed amino groups available for chemical conjugation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Manuel-Cabrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"M\u00e1rquez-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez","family":"Rodolfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo C\u00e9sar","family":"Ortiz-Lazareno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Chavez-Calvillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Carrillo-Tripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Silva-Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1757_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000150211","volume":"32","author":"CW Ward","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ward CW, Shukla DD: Taxonomy of potyviruses: current problems and some solutions. 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