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Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess ventricle size. Animals were euthanized at 2, 5, 10 and 14 days post-injection for histological analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Kaolin was associated with 10% mortality and successful induction of hydrocephalus in 97% of survivors (ventricle area proportion 0.168 \u00b1 0.018). Rapidly hardening agents (fibrin glue, NBCA, vinyl polymer) had high mortality rates and low success rates in survivors. Only Matrigel had relatively low mortality (17%) and moderate success rate (20%). An inflammatory response with macrophages and some lymphocytes was associated with kaolin. There was negligible inflammation associated with Matrigel. A severe inflammatory response with giant cell formation was associated with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Kaolin predictably produces moderate to severe hydrocephalus with a mild chronic inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of the leptomeninges. Other synthetic polymers and biopolymers tested are unreliable and cause different types of inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8454-4-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,25]],"date-time":"2007-09-25T19:41:53Z","timestamp":1190749313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Protein and synthetic polymer injection for induction of obstructive hydrocephalus in rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ili","family":"Slobodian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitri","family":"Krassioukov-Enns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc R","family":"Del Bigio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"225_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00334666","volume":"85","author":"MR Del Bigio","year":"1993","unstructured":"Del Bigio MR: Neuropathological changes caused by hydrocephalus. 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