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The T-box transcription factor Tbx21 (T-bet) maintains Th1 cell development and loss of T-bet is associated with a shift towards Th2 type allergic airway inflammation that characterizes asthma. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of T-bet in susceptibility to lung remodeling by NiNPs or MWCNTs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wild-type (WT) and T-bet<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice were exposed to NiNPs or MWCNTs (4\u00a0mg\/kg) by oropharyngeal aspiration (OPA). Necropsy was performed at 1 and 21\u00a0days. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for differential counting of inflammatory cells and for measurement of cytokines by ELISA. The left lung was collected for histopathology. The right lung was analyzed for cytokine or mucin (MUC5AC and MUC5B) mRNAs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Morphometry of alcian-blue\/periodic acid Schiff (AB\/PAS)-stained lung tissue showed that NiNPs significantly increased mucous cell metaplasia in T-bet<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice at 21\u00a0days (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to WT mice, and increased MUC5AC and MUC5B mRNAs (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). MWCNTs also increased mucous cell metaplasia in T-bet<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice, but to a lesser extent than NiNPs. Chronic alveolitis was also increased by NiNPs, but not MWCNTs, in T-bet<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice compared to WT mice at 21\u00a0days (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). NiNPs also increased IL-13 and eosinophils (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in BALF from T-bet<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice after 1\u00a0day. Interestingly, the chemokine CCL2 in the BALF of T-bet<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice was increased at 1 and 21\u00a0days (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, respectively) by NiNPs, and to a lesser extent by MWCNTs at 1\u00a0day. Treatment of T-bet<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice with a monoclonal anti-CCL2 antibody enhanced NiNP-induced mucous cell metaplasia and MUC5AC mRNA levels (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), yet marginally reduced NiNP-induced alveolitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings identify T-bet as a potentially important susceptibility factor for NiNP exposure and to a lesser extent for MWCNT exposure, and suggests that individuals with asthma are at greater risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-11-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,6]],"date-time":"2014-02-06T08:01:46Z","timestamp":1391673706000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Nickel Nanoparticles cause exaggerated lung and airway remodeling in mice lacking the T-box transcription factor, TBX21 (T-bet)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ellen E","family":"Glista-Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia J","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian C","family":"Sayers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C","family":"Bonner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"293_CR1","first-page":"547","volume":"60","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2011","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Vital signs: asthma prevalence, disease characteristics, and self-management education: United States, 2001--2009. 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