{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:45:56Z","timestamp":1791348356370,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Part Fibre Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inhalation of (nano)particles may lead to pulmonary inflammation. However, the precise mechanisms of particle uptake and generation of inflammatory mediators by alveolar macrophages (AM) are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between particles and AM and their associated pro-inflammatory effects in relation to particle size and physico-chemical properties.<\/jats:p><jats:p>NR8383 rat lung AM were treated with ultrafine (uf), fine (f) TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>or fine crystalline silica (DQ12 quartz). Physico-chemical particle properties were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, elemental analysis and thermogravimetry. Aggregation and agglomeration tendency of the particles were determined in assay-specific suspensions by means of dynamic light scattering.<\/jats:p><jats:p>All three particle types were rapidly taken up by AM. DQ12 and ufTiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, but not fTiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, caused increased extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNA expression and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 release. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression was increased most strongly by ufTiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, while DQ12 exclusively triggered interleukin (IL) 1\u03b2 release. However, oscillations of intracellular calcium concentration and increased intracellular ROS were observed with all three samples. Uptake inhibition experiments with cytochalasin D, chlorpromazine and a Fc\u03b3 receptor II (Fc\u03b3RII) antibody revealed that the endocytosis of fTiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>by the macrophages involves actin-dependent phagocytosis and macropinocytosis as well as clathrin-coated pit formation, whereas the uptake of ufTiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>was dominated by Fc\u03b3IIR. The uptake of DQ12 was found to be significantly reduced by all three inhibitors. Our findings suggest that the contrasting AM responses to fTiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, ufTiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and DQ12 relate to differences in the involvement of specific uptake mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-8-31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,11]],"date-time":"2011-11-11T19:23:30Z","timestamp":1321039410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Contrasting macrophage activation by fine and ultrafine titanium dioxide particles is associated with different uptake mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Agnes M","family":"Scherbart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Bushmelev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dami\u0451n","family":"van Berlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Haberzettl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik-Jan","family":"van Schooten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette M","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine R","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel PF","family":"Schins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catrin","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"170_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440903120975","volume":"39","author":"V Stone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stone V, Johnston H, Schins RP: Development of in vitro systems for nanotoxicology: methodological considerations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2009,39(7):613\u201326. 10.1080\/10408440903120975","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"170_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7339","volume":"113","author":"G Oberdorster","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oberdorster G, Oberdorster E, Oberdorster J: Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 2005,113(7):823\u201339. 10.1289\/ehp.7339","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"170_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201001037","volume":"50","author":"HF Krug","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krug HF, Wick P: Nanotoxicology: An Interdisciplinary Challenge. Angewandte Chemie (International ed) 2011, 50: 1260\u201378. 10.1002\/anie.201001037","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie (International ed)"},{"issue":"5761","key":"170_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114397","volume":"311","author":"A Nel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nel A, Xia T, Madler L, Li N: Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 2006,311(5761):622\u20137. 10.1126\/science.1114397","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"20","key":"170_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1080\/713853956","volume":"66","author":"AA Shvedova","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shvedova AA, Castranova V, Kisin ER, Schwegler-Berry D, Murray AR, Gandelsman VZ, Maynard A, Baron P: Exposure to carbon nanotube material: assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2003,66(20):1909\u201326. 10.1080\/713853956","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200000185","volume":"74","author":"G Oberdorster","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oberdorster G: Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2001,74(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"170_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8266","volume":"114","author":"T Stoeger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stoeger T, Reinhard C, Takenaka S, Schroeppel A, Karg E, Ritter B, Heyder J, Schulz H: Instillation of six different ultrafine carbon particles indicates a surface area threshold dose for acute lung inflammation in mice. Environ Health Perspect 2006,114(3):328\u201333.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.05.001","volume":"222","author":"S Singh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Singh S, Shi T, Duffin R, et al.: Endocytosis, oxidative stress and IL-8 expression in human lung epithelial cells upon treatment with fine and ultrafine TiO2: role of the specific surface area and of surface methylation of the particles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007,222(2):141\u201351. 10.1016\/j.taap.2007.05.001","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(90)90026-Q","volume":"102","author":"RC Lindenschmidt","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lindenschmidt RC, Driscoll KE, Perkins MA, Higgins JM, Maurer JK, Belfiore KA: The comparison of a fibrogenic and two nonfibrogenic dusts by bronchoalveolar lavage. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990,102(2):268\u201381. 10.1016\/0041-008X(90)90026-Q","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"170_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-6-33","volume":"6","author":"H Johnston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnston H, Hutchison GR, Christensen FM, Peters S, Hankin S, Stone V: Identification of the mechanisms that drive the toxicity of TiO 2 particulates: the contribution of physicochemical characteristic. Part Fib Tox 2010, 6: 33.","journal-title":"Part Fib Tox"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh019","volume":"77","author":"E Bermudez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bermudez E, Mangum JB, Wong BA, Asgharian B, Hext PM, Warheit DB, Everitt JI: Pulmonary responses of mice, rats, and hamsters to subchronic inhalation of ultrafine titanium dioxide particles. Toxicol Sci 2004,77(2):347\u201357. 10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh019","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.2.9707052","volume":"157","author":"CG Lardot","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lardot CG, Huaux FA, Broeckaert FR, Declerck PJ, Delos M, Fubini B, Lison DF: Role of urokinase in the fibrogenic response of the lung to mineral particles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998,157(2):617\u201328.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02970133","volume":"28","author":"ED Kuempel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kuempel ED, Attfield MD, Vallyathan V, Lapp NL, Hale JM, Smith RJ, Castranova V: Pulmonary inflammation and crystalline silica in respirable coal mine dust: dose-response. J Biosci 2003,28(1):61\u20139. 10.1007\/BF02970133","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/089583701753338613","volume":"14","author":"K Donaldson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Donaldson K, Tran CL: Inflammation caused by particles and fibers. Inhalation toxicology 2002,14(1):5\u201327. 10.1080\/089583701753338613","journal-title":"Inhalation toxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000152998.11335.24","volume":"11","author":"B Rimal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rimal B, Greenberg AK, Rom WN: Basic pathogenetic mechanisms in silicosis: current understanding. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine 2005,11(2):169\u201373. 10.1097\/01.mcp.0000152998.11335.24","journal-title":"Current opinion in pulmonary medicine"},{"key":"170_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/00222930701314932","volume":"1","author":"K Unfried","year":"2007","unstructured":"Unfried K, Albrecht C, Klotz LO, von Mikecz A, Grether-Beck S, Schins RPF: Cellular responses to nanoparticles: Target structures and mechanisms. Nanotoxicology 2007, 1: 20.","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"170_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370902942640","volume":"21","author":"DB Warheit","year":"2009","unstructured":"Warheit DB, Reed KL, Sayes CM: A role for nanoparticle surface reactivity in facilitating pulmonary toxicity and development of a base set of hazard assays as a component of nanoparticle risk management. Inhalation toxicology 2009,21(Suppl 1):61\u20137.","journal-title":"Inhalation toxicology"},{"issue":"5","key":"170_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200508-090JS","volume":"2","author":"TR Martin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Martin TR, Frevert CW: Innate immunity in the lungs. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005,2(5):403\u201311. 10.1513\/pats.200508-090JS","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02624409","volume":"25","author":"RJ Helmke","year":"1989","unstructured":"Helmke RJ, German VF, Mangos JA: A continuous alveolar macrophage cell line: comparisons with freshly derived alveolar macrophages. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1989,25(1):44\u20138. 10.1007\/BF02624409","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"170_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L1137","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00261.2007","volume":"294","author":"P Haberzettl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haberzettl P, Schins RP, Hohr D, Wilhelmi V, Borm PJ, Albrecht C: Impact of the FcgammaII-receptor on quartz uptake and inflammatory response by alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008,294(6):L1137\u201348. 10.1152\/ajplung.00261.2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-10-184457","volume":"114","author":"X Dai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dai X, Jayapal M, Tay HK, et al.: Differential signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and immune effector functions mediated by FcgammaRI versus FcgammaRIIa. Blood 2009,114(2):318\u201327. 10.1182\/blood-2008-10-184457","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"170_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000136357","volume":"15","author":"B Rada","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rada B, Leto TL: Oxidative innate immune defenses by Nox\/Duox family NADPH oxidases. Contrib Microbiol 2008, 15: 164\u201387.","journal-title":"Contrib Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.1.367","volume":"155","author":"L Kobzik","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kobzik L: Lung macrophage uptake of unopsonized environmental particulates. Role of scavenger-type receptors. J Immunol 1995,155(1):367\u201376.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/15476910802085863","volume":"5","author":"SA Thakur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thakur SA, Hamilton RF Jr, Holian A: Role of scavenger receptor a family in lung inflammation from exposure to environmental particles. J Immunotoxicol 2008,5(2):151\u20137. 10.1080\/15476910802085863","journal-title":"J Immunotoxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982715","volume":"76","author":"KS Akagawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Akagawa KS: Functional heterogeneity of colony-stimulating factor-induced human monocyte-derived macrophages. Int J Hematol 2002,76(1):27\u201334. 10.1007\/BF02982715","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"issue":"6","key":"170_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(95)02011-Z","volume":"50","author":"K Schulze-Osthoff","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schulze-Osthoff K, Los M, Baeuerle PA: Redox signalling by transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 in lymphocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1995,50(6):735\u201341. 10.1016\/0006-2952(95)02011-Z","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L344","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00139.2003","volume":"286","author":"DM Brown","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brown DM, Donaldson K, Borm PJ, Schins RP, Dehnhardt M, Gilmour P, Jimenez LA, Stone V: Calcium and ROS-mediated activation of transcription factors and TNF-alpha cytokine gene expression in macrophages exposed to ultrafine particles. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004,286(2):L344\u201353. 10.1152\/ajplung.00139.2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2000.9039","volume":"169","author":"JL Kang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kang JL, Pack IS, Hong SM, Lee HS, Castranova V: Silica induces nuclear factor-kappa B activation through tyrosine phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha in RAW264.7 macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000,169(1):59\u201365. 10.1006\/taap.2000.9039","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"170_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(02)00315-1","volume":"35","author":"A Shukla","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shukla A, Ramos-Nino M, Mossman B: Cell signaling and transcription factor activation by asbestos in lung injury and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003,35(8):1198\u2013209. 10.1016\/S1357-2725(02)00315-1","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"170_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s4675","volume":"108","author":"V Castranova","year":"2000","unstructured":"Castranova V, Vallyathan V: Silicosis and coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Environ Health Perspect 2000,108(Suppl 4):675\u201384.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"170_CR31","first-page":"109","volume":"20","author":"K Donaldson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Donaldson K, Stone V, Duffin R, Clouter A, Schins R, Borm P: The quartz hazard: effects of surface and matrix on inflammogenic activity. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2001,20(Suppl 1):109\u201318.","journal-title":"J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"170_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0300OC","volume":"31","author":"C Albrecht","year":"2004","unstructured":"Albrecht C, Schins RP, Hohr D, Becker A, Shi T, Knaapen AM, Borm PJ: Inflammatory time course after quartz instillation: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and particle surface. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 2004,31(3):292\u2013301. 10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0300OC","journal-title":"American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology"},{"key":"170_CR33","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Respir Res","author":"C Albrecht","year":"2005","unstructured":"Albrecht C, Knaapen AM, Becker A, Hohr D, Haberzettl P, van Schooten FJ, Borm PJ, Schins RP: The crucial role of particle surface reactivity in respirable quartz-induced reactive oxygen\/nitrogen species formation and APE\/Ref-1 induction in rat lung. Respir Res 2005, 6:-129."},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.11.002","volume":"230","author":"DB Warheit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Warheit DB, Webb TR, Reed KL, Frerichs S, Sayes CM: Pulmonary toxicity study in rats with three forms of ultrafine-TiO2 particles: differential responses related to surface properties. Toxicology 2007,230(1):90\u2013104. 10.1016\/j.tox.2006.11.002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"170_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01269a023","volume":"60","author":"S Brunauer","year":"1938","unstructured":"Brunauer S, Emmert PH, Teller E: Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J Amer Chem Soc 1938, 60: 309\u201319. 10.1021\/ja01269a023","journal-title":"J Amer Chem Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"170_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2000.1004","volume":"21","author":"A Palecanda","year":"2000","unstructured":"Palecanda A, Kobzik L: Alveolar macrophage-environmental particle interaction: analysis by flow cytometry. Methods 2000,21(3):241\u20137. 10.1006\/meth.2000.1004","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"170_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 2001,25(4):402\u20138. 10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"170_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2009.019992","volume":"95","author":"A Auriac","year":"2010","unstructured":"Auriac A, Willemetz A, Canonne-Hergaux F: Lipid raft-dependent endocytosis: a new route for hepcidin-mediated regulation of ferroportin in macrophages. Haematologica 2010,95(8):1269\u201377. 10.3324\/haematol.2009.019992","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"5","key":"170_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0138OC","volume":"42","author":"NR Yacobi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yacobi NR, Malmstadt N, Fazlollahi F, et al.: Mechanisms of alveolar epithelial translocation of a defined population of nanoparticles. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 2010,42(5):604\u201314. 10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0138OC","journal-title":"American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"170_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102s5173","volume":"102","author":"G Oberdorster","year":"1994","unstructured":"Oberdorster G, Ferin J, Lehnert BE: Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury. Environ Health Perspect 1994,102(Suppl 5):173\u20139. 10.1289\/ehp.94102s5173","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"170_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-6-15","volume":"6","author":"TM Sager","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sager TM, Castranova V: Surface area of particle administered versus mass in determining the pulmonary toxicity of ultrafine and fine carbon black: comparison to ultrafine titanium dioxide. Particle and fibre toxicology 2009, 6: 15. 10.1186\/1743-8977-6-15","journal-title":"Particle and fibre toxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668591394419","volume":"46","author":"J Ferin","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ferin J, Oberdorster G: Biological effects and toxicity assessment of titanium dioxides: anatase and rutile. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1985,46(2):69\u201372. 10.1080\/15298668591394419","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"issue":"3","key":"170_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.11.020","volume":"186","author":"B van Ravenzwaay","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R, Fabian E, Burkhardt S, Strauss V, Ma-Hock L: Comparing fate and effects of three particles of different surface properties: nano-TiO(2), pigmentary TiO(2) and quartz. Toxicol Lett 2009,186(3):152\u20139. 10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.11.020","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"170_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2009.01.005","volume":"23","author":"C Albrecht","year":"2009","unstructured":"Albrecht C, Scherbart AM, van Berlo D, Braunbarth CM, Schins RP, Scheel J: Evaluation of cytotoxic effects and oxidative stress with hydroxyapatite dispersions of different physicochemical properties in rat NR8383 cells and primary macrophages. Toxicol In Vitro 2009,23(3):520\u201330. 10.1016\/j.tiv.2009.01.005","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"170_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-7-13","volume":"7","author":"D van Berlo","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Berlo D, Knaapen AM, van Schooten FJ, Schins RP, Albrecht C: NF-kappaB dependent and independent mechanisms of quartz-induced proinflammatory activation of lung epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2010, 7: 13. 10.1186\/1743-8977-7-13","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"170_CR46","first-page":"405","volume":"39","author":"K Donaldson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Donaldson K, Stone V: Current hypotheses on the mechanisms of toxicity of ultrafine particles. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2003,39(3):405\u201310.","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"issue":"9","key":"170_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.09.003","volume":"72","author":"S Memet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Memet S: NF-kappaB functions in the nervous system: from development to disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2006,72(9):1180\u201395. 10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.09.003","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"170_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08307.x","volume":"856","author":"CA Dinarello","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dinarello CA: Interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-18, and the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1998, 856: 1\u201311. 10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08307.x","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5381","key":"170_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5381.1312","volume":"281","author":"NA Thornberry","year":"1998","unstructured":"Thornberry NA, Lazebnik Y: Caspases: enemies within. Science 1998,281(5381):1312\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"170_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(04)00046-9","volume":"20","author":"L Agostini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Agostini L, Martinon F, Burns K, McDermott MF, Hawkins PN, Tschopp J: NALP3 forms an IL-1beta-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder. Immunity 2004,20(3):319\u201325. 10.1016\/S1074-7613(04)00046-9","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402038","volume":"14","author":"F Martinon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martinon F, Tschopp J: Inflammatory caspases and inflammasomes: master switches of inflammation. Cell Death Differ 2007,14(1):10\u201322. 10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402038","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"8","key":"170_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1631","volume":"9","author":"V Hornung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hornung V, Bauernfeind F, Halle A, Samstad EO, Kono H, Rock KL, Fitzgerald KA, Latz E: Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization. Nat Immunol 2008,9(8):847\u201356. 10.1038\/ni.1631","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"5876","key":"170_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156995","volume":"320","author":"C Dostert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dostert C, Petrilli V, Van Bruggen R, Steele C, Mossman BT, Tschopp J: Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica. Science 2008,320(5876):674\u20137. 10.1126\/science.1156995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"170_CR54","unstructured":"Winter M, Beer HD, Hornung V, Kramer U, Schins RP, Forster I: Activation of the inflammasome by amorphous silica and TiO(2) nanoparticles in murine dendritic cells. Nanotoxicology"},{"issue":"4","key":"170_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6000","volume":"111","author":"N Li","year":"2003","unstructured":"Li N, Sioutas C, Cho A, et al.: Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Environmental health perspectives 2003,111(4):455\u201360.","journal-title":"Environmental health perspectives"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.10.002","volume":"227","author":"H Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li H, van Berlo D, Shi T, Speit G, Knaapen AM, Borm PJ, Albrecht C, Schins RP: Curcumin protects against cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of quartz particles but causes oxidative DNA damage in a rat lung epithelial cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008,227(1):115\u201324. 10.1016\/j.taap.2007.10.002","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR57","first-page":"L485","volume":"283","author":"DW Porter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Porter DW, Millecchia L, Robinson VA, et al.: Enhanced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production and damage after inhalation of silica. American journal of physiology 2002,283(2):L485\u201393.","journal-title":"American journal of physiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"170_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(03)00150-3","volume":"34","author":"K Donaldson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Donaldson K, Stone V, Borm PJ, et al.: Oxidative stress and calcium signaling in the adverse effects of environmental particles (PM10). Free Radic Biol Med 2003,34(11):1369\u201382. 10.1016\/S0891-5849(03)00150-3","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.10.005","volume":"242","author":"F Tian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tian F, Zhu T, Shang Y: Intracellular influx of calcium induced by quartz particles in alveolar macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010,242(2):173\u201381. 10.1016\/j.taap.2009.10.005","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"170_CR60","volume-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res","author":"C Jin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jin C, Tang Y, Yang FG, Li XL, Xu S, Fan XY, Huang YY, Yang YJ: Cellular Toxicity of TiO(2) Nanoparticles in Anatase and Rutile Crystal Phase. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010."},{"issue":"18","key":"170_CR61","first-page":"4614","volume":"15","author":"I Fenoglio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fenoglio I, Greco G, Livraghi S, Fubini B: Non-UV-induced radical reactions at the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles that may trigger toxic responses. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 2009,15(18):4614\u201321.","journal-title":"Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370304454","volume":"15","author":"CA Dick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dick CA, Brown DM, Donaldson K, Stone V: The role of free radicals in the toxic and inflammatory effects of four different ultrafine particle types. Inhalation toxicology 2003,15(1):39\u201352. 10.1080\/08958370304454","journal-title":"Inhalation toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.267","volume":"6","author":"MP Monopoli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Monopoli MP, Bombelli FB, Dawson KA: Nanobiotechnology: nanoparticle coronas take shape. Nat Nanotechnol 2011,6(1):11\u20132. 10.1038\/nnano.2010.267","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"170_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701492979","volume":"19","author":"C Albrecht","year":"2007","unstructured":"Albrecht C, Hohr D, Haberzettl P, Becker A, Borm PJ, Schins RP: Surface-dependent quartz uptake by macrophages: potential role in pulmonary inflammation and lung clearance. Inhalation toxicology 2007,19(Suppl 1):39\u201348.","journal-title":"Inhalation toxicology"},{"issue":"7","key":"170_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-007-0178-5","volume":"81","author":"P Haberzettl","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haberzettl P, Duffin R, Kramer U, Hohr D, Schins RP, Borm PJ, Albrecht C: Actin plays a crucial role in the phagocytosis and biological response to respirable quartz particles in macrophages. Arch Toxicol 2007,81(7):459\u201370. 10.1007\/s00204-007-0178-5","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"170_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-4-9","volume":"4","author":"B Rothen-Rutishauser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rothen-Rutishauser B, Muhlfeld C, Blank F, Musso C, Gehr P: Translocation of particles and inflammatory responses after exposure to fine particles and nanoparticles in an epithelial airway model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2007, 4: 9. 10.1186\/1743-8977-4-9","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"170_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2009.0797","volume":"23","author":"M Geiser","year":"2010","unstructured":"Geiser M: Update on macrophage clearance of inhaled micro- and nanoparticles. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010,23(4):207\u201317. 10.1089\/jamp.2009.0797","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv"},{"issue":"8","key":"170_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2447","volume":"9","author":"JA Swanson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Swanson JA: Shaping cups into phagosomes and macropinosomes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008,9(8):639\u201349. 10.1038\/nrm2447","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040731","volume":"200","author":"M Arredouani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arredouani M, Yang Z, Ning Y, Qin G, Soininen R, Tryggvason K, Kobzik L: The scavenger receptor MARCO is required for lung defense against pneumococcal pneumonia and inhaled particles. J Exp Med 2004,200(2):267\u201372. 10.1084\/jem.20040731","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"170_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.9.1497","volume":"189","author":"A Palecanda","year":"1999","unstructured":"Palecanda A, Paulauskis J, Al-Mutairi E, et al.: Role of the scavenger receptor MARCO in alveolar macrophage binding of unopsonized environmental particles. J Exp Med 1999,189(9):1497\u2013506. 10.1084\/jem.189.9.1497","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"170_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6058","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.9.6058","volume":"175","author":"MS Arredouani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arredouani MS, Palecanda A, Koziel H, et al.: MARCO is the major binding receptor for unopsonized particles and bacteria on human alveolar macrophages. J Immunol 2005,175(9):6058\u201364.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"170_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1166\/asl.2010.1096","volume":"3","author":"M Nakamura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nakamura M, Ishimura K: Rapid Size Evaluation of Nanoparticles Using Flow Cytometry. Advanced Science Letters 2010, 3: 130\u20137. 10.1166\/asl.2010.1096","journal-title":"Advanced Science Letters"}],"container-title":["Particle and Fibre Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1743-8977-8-31.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]],"date-time":"2024-04-14T17:06:55Z","timestamp":1713114415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/particleandfibretoxicology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1743-8977-8-31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,13]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-8977-8-31","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-8977"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-8977","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2010","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"31"}}