{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T12:55:08Z","timestamp":1777035308289,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Because excessive reduction in activities after back injury may impair recovery, it is important to understand and address the factors contributing to the variability in motor responses to pain. The current dominant theory is the \u201cfear-avoidance model\u201d, in which the some patients' heightened fears of further injury cause them to avoid movement. We propose that in addition to psychological factors, neurochemical variants in the circuits controlling movement and their modification by pain may contribute to this variability. A systematic search of the motor research literature and genetic databases yielded a prioritized list of polymorphic motor control candidate genes. We demonstrate an analytic method that we applied to 14 of these genes in 290 patients with acute sciatica, whose reduction in movement was estimated by items from the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> We genotyped a total of 121 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 14 of these genes, which code for the dopamine D2 receptor, GTP cyclohydrolase I, glycine receptor \u03b11 subunit, GABA-A receptor \u03b12 subunit, GABA-A receptor \u03b21 subunit, \u03b1-adrenergic 1C, 2A, and 2C receptors, serotonin 1A and 2A receptors, cannabinoid CB-1 receptor, M1 muscarinic receptor, and the tyrosine hydroxylase, and tachykinin precursor-1 molecules. No SNP showed a significant association with the movement score after a Bonferroni correction for the 14 genes tested. Haplotype analysis of one of the blocks in the GABA-A receptor \u03b21 subunit showed that a haplotype of 11% frequency was associated with less limitation of movement at a nominal significance level value (p = 0.0025) almost strong enough to correct for testing 22 haplotype blocks. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> If confirmed, the current results may suggest that a common haplotype in the GABA-A \u03b21 subunit acts like an \u201cendogenous muscle relaxant\u201d in an individual with subacute sciatica. Similar methods might be applied a larger set of genes in animal models and human laboratory and clinical studies to understand the causes and prevention of pain-related reduction in movement. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-3-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,2]],"date-time":"2007-08-02T18:14:04Z","timestamp":1186078444000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Do Motor Control Genes Contribute to Interindividual Variability in Decreased Movement in Patients with Pain?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Bikash K","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pain Research Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianxia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Core, Division of Population and Health Promotion Sciences, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inna","family":"Belfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pain Research Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin A","family":"Hodgkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo G","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Cortical Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Kiselycznyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pain Research Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Kingman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Core, Division of Population and Health Promotion Sciences, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert B","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Spine and Rehabilitation, Portland, ME, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiaoping","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven J","family":"Atlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine Division and the Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitchell B","family":"Max","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pain Research Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000099999.27348.78"},{"key":"bibr2-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198610233151705"},{"key":"bibr3-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502093320602"},{"issue":"423","key":"bibr4-1744-8069-3-20","first-page":"647","volume":"47","author":"Waddell G","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"bibr5-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000154625.02586.95"},{"key":"bibr6-1744-8069-3-20","volume-title":"Report of a CSAG Committee on Back Pain","author":"(CSAG) CSAG","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr7-1744-8069-3-20","volume-title":"Acute low back problems in adults","author":"Bigos SJ","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr8-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(83)90009-8"},{"key":"bibr9-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00242-0"},{"key":"bibr10-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.12.007"},{"key":"bibr11-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y91-102"},{"key":"bibr12-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078546"},{"key":"bibr13-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.05.024"},{"key":"bibr14-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1490"},{"key":"bibr15-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-2-14"},{"key":"bibr16-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809150-00018"},{"key":"bibr17-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00004"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr18-1744-8069-3-20","first-page":"271","volume":"66","author":"Fairbank JC","year":"1980","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"bibr19-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200406000-00032"},{"key":"bibr20-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2005.10.003"},{"key":"bibr21-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900009895"},{"key":"bibr22-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10048-006-0045-1"},{"key":"bibr23-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05911"},{"key":"bibr24-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01213011-200503000-00002"},{"key":"bibr25-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301010"},{"key":"bibr26-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199753030-00007"},{"key":"bibr27-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1699"},{"key":"bibr28-1744-8069-3-20","first-page":"1710","volume-title":"Bonica's Management of Pain","author":"Max MB","year":"2001","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr29-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciubotariu A, Arendt-Nielsen L, Graven-Nielsen T: Localized muscle pain causes prolonged recovery after fatiguing isometric contractions. Exp Brain Res 2007.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471740360.ebs1428"},{"key":"bibr30-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000131414.84596.99"},{"key":"bibr31-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199610010-00004"},{"key":"bibr32-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199212000-00001"},{"key":"bibr33-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200105150-00017"},{"key":"bibr34-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002"},{"key":"bibr35-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.3.1215"},{"key":"bibr36-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bth457"},{"key":"bibr37-1744-8069-3-20","unstructured":"SNPHAP [http:\/\/www-gene.cimr.cam.ac.uk\/clayton\/software\/snphap.txt]."},{"key":"bibr38-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-5-89"},{"key":"bibr39-1744-8069-3-20","unstructured":"R package, \u201cgenetics\u201d [http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/src\/contrib\/Descriptions\/genetics.html]."},{"key":"bibr40-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429864"},{"key":"bibr41-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000057986"},{"key":"bibr42-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500294"},{"key":"bibr43-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.33.5.435"},{"key":"bibr44-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2003.004"},{"key":"bibr45-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00689-9"},{"key":"bibr46-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90042-Q"},{"key":"bibr47-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000817"},{"key":"bibr48-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20732"},{"key":"bibr49-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.34"},{"key":"bibr50-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.20018"},{"key":"bibr51-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145704004699"},{"key":"bibr52-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(01)00164-8"},{"key":"bibr53-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/ps030431"},{"key":"bibr54-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.03.055"},{"key":"bibr55-1744-8069-3-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2004.07.005"}],"container-title":["Molecular Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1186\/1744-8069-3-20","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1186\/1744-8069-3-20","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1186\/1744-8069-3-20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T18:34:12Z","timestamp":1741631652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1186\/1744-8069-3-20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.1186\/1744-8069-3-20"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1744-8069-3-20","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-8069","1744-8069"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-8069","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-8069","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"article-number":"1744-8069-3-20"}}