{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:08:38Z","timestamp":1792804118230,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mol Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Although neuroimaging techniques have provided insights into the function of brain regions involved in Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain (TNP) in humans, there is little understanding of the molecular mechanisms affected during the course of this disorder. Understanding these processes is crucial to determine the systems involved in the development and persistence of TNP. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title><jats:p> In this study, we examined the regional \u03bc-opioid receptor (\u03bcOR) availability in vivo (non-displaceable binding potential BP<jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>) of TNP patients with positron emission tomography (PET) using the \u03bcOR selective radioligand [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]carfentanil. Four TNP patients and eight gender and age-matched healthy controls were examined with PET. Patients with TNP showed reduced \u03bcOR BP<jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub> in the left nucleus accumbens (NAc), an area known to be involved in pain modulation and reward\/aversive behaviors. In addition, the \u03bcOR BP<jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub> in the NAc was negatively correlated with the McGill sensory and total pain ratings in the TNP patients. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Our findings give preliminary evidence that the clinical pain in TNP patients can be related to alterations in the endogenous \u03bc-opioid system, rather than only to the peripheral pathology. The decreased availability of \u03bcORs found in TNP patients, and its inverse relationship to clinical pain levels, provide insights into the central mechanisms related to this condition. The results also expand our understanding about the impact of chronic pain on the limbic system. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-8-74","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,24]],"date-time":"2012-09-24T22:47:41Z","timestamp":1348526861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Reduced Basal Ganglia \u03bc-Opioid Receptor Availability in Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Marcos Fabio","family":"DosSantos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.), Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and MCOHR, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5720, USA"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilkka Kristian","family":"Martikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.), Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and MCOHR, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5720, USA"},{"name":"Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (MBNI), University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago Dias","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.), Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and MCOHR, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany M","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (MBNI), University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misty Dawn","family":"Deboer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.), Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and MCOHR, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric C","family":"Maslowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UM3D Lab, Digital Media Commons\/MLibrary, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice Borges","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon-Kar","family":"Zubieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (MBNI), University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre F","family":"DaSilva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.), Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and MCOHR, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5720, USA"},{"name":"Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience 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