{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:07:50Z","timestamp":1759032470293},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Gen Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Nearly all information processing during cognitive processing takes place during periods of sustained attention. Sustained attention deficit is among the most commonly reported impairments in bipolar disorder (BP). The majority of previous studies have only focused on bipolar I disorder (BP I), owing to underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis of bipolar II disorder (BP II). With the refinement of the bipolar spectrum paradigm, the goal of this study was to compare the sustained attention of interepisode patients with BP I to those with BP II.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In all, 51 interepisode BP patients (22 with BP I and 29 with BP II) and 20 healthy controls participated in this study. The severity of psychiatric symptoms was assessed by the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Young Mania Rating Scale. All participants undertook Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPT-II) to evaluate sustained attention.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>After controlling for the severity of symptoms, age and years of education, BP I patients had a significantly longer reaction times (F<jats:sub>(2,68)<\/jats:sub> = 7.648, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), worse detectability (<jats:italic>d'<\/jats:italic>) values (F<jats:sub>(2,68)<\/jats:sub> = 6.313, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003) and more commission errors (F<jats:sub>(2,68)<\/jats:sub> = 6.182, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) than BP II patients and healthy controls. BP II patients and controls scored significantly higher than BP I patients for <jats:italic>d'<\/jats:italic> (F = 6.313, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003). No significant difference was found among the three groups in omission errors and no significant correlations were observed between CPT-II performance and clinical characteristics in the three groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These findings suggested that impairments in sustained attention might be more representative of BP I than BP II after controlling for the severity of symptoms, age, years of education and reaction time on the attentional test. A longitudinal follow-up study design with a larger sample size might be needed to provide more information on chronological sustained attention deficit in BP patients, and to illustrate clearer differentiations between the three groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859x-9-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,16]],"date-time":"2010-02-16T07:15:39Z","timestamp":1266304539000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Poorer sustained attention in bipolar I than bipolar II disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chian-Huei","family":"Kung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Yu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Hsuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo Yung-Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiou-Lan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Heng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsien","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I-Hui","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzung-Lieh","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Kuang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ru-Band","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1010_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2005.41.1.875774","volume":"41","author":"PF Buckley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Buckley PF: Second-generation antipsychotic medications in the treatment of mood disorders: focus on aripiprazole. Drugs Today (Barc). 2005, 41: 5-11. 10.1358\/dot.2005.41.1.875774.","journal-title":"Drugs Today (Barc)"},{"key":"1010_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.3.261","volume":"60","author":"LL Judd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, Coryell W, Endicott J, Maser JD, Solomon DA, Leon AC, Keller MB: A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar II disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003, 60: 261-269. 10.1001\/archpsyc.60.3.261.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR3","volume-title":"Manic Depressive Illness","author":"F Goodwin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Goodwin F, Jameson KR: Manic Depressive Illness. 1990, New York, USA: Oxford University Press"},{"key":"1010_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799002664","volume":"30","author":"JS Rubinsztein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rubinsztein JS, Michael A, Paykel ES, Sahakian BJ: Cognitive impairment in remission in bipolar affective disorder. Psychol Med. 2000, 30: 1025-36. 10.1017\/S0033291799002664.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1010_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.0408e12","volume":"69","author":"E Vieta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vieta E: Defining the bipolar spectrum and treating bipolar II disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008, 69: 12-10.4088\/JCP.0408e12.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR6","first-page":"99","volume":"40","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akiskal HS: The emergence of the bipolar spectrum: validation along clinical-epidemiologic and familial-genetic lines. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2007, 40: 99-115.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"1010_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.145.1.49","volume":"145","author":"W Coryell","year":"1984","unstructured":"Coryell W, Endicott J, Reich T, Andreasen N, Keller M: A family study of bipolar II disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1984, 145: 49-54. 10.1192\/bjp.145.1.49.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320540208","volume":"54","author":"AD Sadovnick","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Lam R, Zis AE, Haggins MJ: Mood disorders service genetic database: morbidity risks for mood disorders in 3942 first-degree relatives of 671 index cases with single depression, recurrent depression, bipolar I or bipolar II. Am J Med Genet. 1994, 54: 132-140. 10.1002\/ajmg.1320540208.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"1010_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(94)90116-3","volume":"31","author":"T Kato","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kato T, Takahashi S, Shioiri T, Mirashita J, Hawakawa H, Inubishi T: Reduction of brain phosphocreatine in bipolar II disorder detected by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Affect Disord. 1994, 31: 125-133. 10.1016\/0165-0327(94)90116-3.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1010_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(92)90044-7","volume":"26","author":"GB Cassano","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cassano GB, Akiskal HS, Savino M, Musetti L, Perugi G: Proposed subtypes of bipolar II and related disorders: with hypomanic episodes (or cyclothymia) and with hyperthymic temperament. J Affect Disord. 1992, 26: 127-140. 10.1016\/0165-0327(92)90044-7.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1010_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(94)90062-0","volume":"32","author":"D Von Zerssen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Von Zerssen D, Tauscher R, Possl J: The relationship of premorbid personality to subtypes of an affective illness. A replication study by means of an operationalized procedure for the diagnosis of personality structures. J Affect Disord. 1994, 32: 61-72. 10.1016\/0165-0327(94)90062-0.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"1010_CR12","first-page":"46","volume":"55","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Akiskal HS: Dysthymic and cyclothymic depressions: therapeutic considerations. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994, 55 (Suppl): 46-52.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.017269","volume":"189","author":"C Torrent","year":"2006","unstructured":"Torrent C, Martinez-Aran A, Daban C, S\u00e1nchez-Moreno J, Comes M, Goikolea JM, Salamero M, Vieta E: Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2006, 189: 254-259. 10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.017269.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008804","volume":"36","author":"M Summers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Summers M, Papadopoulou K, Brunoi S, Cipolotti L, Maria AR: Bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: cognition and emotion processing. Psychol Med. 2006, 36: 1799-1809. 10.1017\/S0033291706008804.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1010_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.04.010","volume":"94","author":"JM Harkavy-Friedman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harkavy-Friedman JM, Keilp JG, Grunebaum MF, Sher L, Printz D, Burke AK, Mann JJ, Oquendo M: Are BPI and BPII suicide attempters distinct neuropsychologically?. J Affect Disord. 2006, 94: 255-259. 10.1016\/j.jad.2006.04.010.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1010_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.2.262","volume":"161","author":"A Martinez-Aran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Martinez-Aran A, Vieta E, Reinares M, Colom F, Torrent C, Sanchez-Moreno J, Benabarre A, Goikolea JM, Comes M, Salamero M: Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2004, 161: 262-270. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.2.262.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00492.x","volume":"10","author":"C Simonsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simonsen C, Sundet K, Vaskinn A, Birkenaes AB, Engh JA, Hansen CF, J\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir H, Ringen PA, Opjordsmoen S, Friis S, Andreassen OA: Neurocognitive profiles in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: differences in pattern and magnitude of dysfunction. Bipolar Disord. 2008, 10: 245-255. 10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00492.x.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"1010_CR18","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Advances in Special Education","author":"S Porges","year":"1980","unstructured":"Porges S: Individual differences in attention: a possible physiological substrate. Advances in Special Education. 1980, Greenwich, CT, USA: JAI Press, 2: 111-134."},{"key":"1010_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410603906","volume-title":"Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention: A Developmental Perspective","author":"JE Richards","year":"1998","unstructured":"Richards JE, Hunter SK: Attention and eye movement in young infants: neural control and development. Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention: A Developmental Perspective. Edited by: Richards JE. 1998, Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 131-162."},{"key":"1010_CR20","volume-title":"Neuroscience Foundations of Human Performance","author":"GA DeGangi","year":"1990","unstructured":"DeGangi GA, Porges S: Neuroscience Foundations of Human Performance. 1990, Rockville, Md: American Occupational Therapy Association Inc"},{"key":"1010_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00113.x","volume":"6","author":"DC Glahn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Glahn DC, Bearden CE, Niendam TA, Escamilla MA: The feasibility of neuropsychological endophenotypes in the search for genes associated with bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2004, 6: 171-182. 10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00113.x.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"1010_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00091-5","volume":"72","author":"S Quarishi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Quarishi S, Frangou S: Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: a review. J Affect Disord. 2002, 72: 209-226. 10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00091-5.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1010_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2005.00203.x","volume":"7","author":"J Savitz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Savitz J, Solms M, Ramesar R: Neuropsychological dysfunction in bipolar affective disorder: a critical opinion. Bipolar Disord. 2005, 7: 216-235. 10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2005.00203.x.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"1010_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.1.32","volume":"186","author":"JM Thompson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thompson JM, Gallagher P, Hughes JH, Watson S, Gray JM, Ferrier IN: Neurocognitive impairment in euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2005, 186: 32-40. 10.1192\/bjp.186.1.32.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2001.030302.x","volume":"3","author":"CE Bearden","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bearden CE, Hoffman KM, Cannon TD: The neuropsychology and neuroanatomy of bipolar affective disorder: a critical review. Bipolar Disord. 2001, 3: 106-150. 10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2001.030302.x.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"1010_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.4.313","volume":"180","author":"L Clark","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clark L, Iversen SD, Goodwin GM: Sustained attention deficits in bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2002, 180: 313-319. 10.1192\/bjp.180.4.313.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.007","volume":"57","author":"L Clark","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clark L, Kempton MJ, Scarn\u00e0 A, Grasby PM, Goodwin GM: Sustained attention-deficit confirmed in euthymic bipolar disorder but not in first-degree relatives of bipolar patients or euthymic unipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2005, 57: 183-187. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.007.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.04.016","volume":"30","author":"E Bora","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bora E, Vahip S, Akdeniz F: Sustained attention deficits in manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006, 30: 1097-1102. 10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.04.016.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002","volume":"35","author":"J Endicott","year":"1978","unstructured":"Endicott J, Spitzer RL: A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1978, 35: 837-844.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000117832.62901.61","volume":"28","author":"SY Huang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Huang SY, Lin WW, Ko HC, Lee JF, Wang TJ, Chou YH, Lu RB: Possible interaction of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase genes with the dopamine D2 receptor gene in anxiety-depressive alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004, 28: 374-384. 10.1097\/01.ALC.0000117832.62901.61.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1010_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00076-8","volume":"23","author":"KR Merikangas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Merikangas KR, Mehta RL, Molnar BE, Walters EE, Swendsen JD, Aguilar-Gaziola S, Bijl R, Borges G, Caraveo-Anduaga JJ, DeWit DJ, Kolody B, Vega WA, Wittchen HU, Kessler RC: Comorbidity of substance use disorders with mood and anxiety disorders: results of the International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology. Addict Behav. 1998, 23: 893-907. 10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00076-8.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"1010_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00322-1","volume":"73","author":"J Angst","year":"2003","unstructured":"Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi E: Towards a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. J Affect Discord. 2003, 73: 133-146. 10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00322-1.","journal-title":"J Affect Discord"},{"key":"1010_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M: A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960, 23: 56-62. 10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","volume":"133","author":"RC Young","year":"1978","unstructured":"Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA: A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry. 1978, 133: 429-435. 10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00207-7","volume":"41","author":"HC Ko","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ko HC, Lu RB, Shiah IS, Hwang CC: Plasma free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol predicts response to fluoxetine. Biol Psychiatry. 1997, 41: 774-781. 10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00207-7.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00407.x","volume":"9","author":"CF Yen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yen CF, Chen CS, Ko CH, Yen JY, Huang CF: Changes in insight among patients with bipolar I disorder: a 2-year prospective study. Bipolar Disord. 2007, 9: 238-242. 10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00407.x.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"1010_CR37","volume-title":"Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT II)","author":"CK Conners","year":"2000","unstructured":"Conners CK, MHS Staff: Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT II). 2000, North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems Inc"},{"key":"1010_CR38","volume-title":"Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing","author":"R Lachman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lachman R, Lachman JL, Butterfield EC: Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing. 1979, Hillsdale, NJ, USA: Erlbaum"},{"key":"1010_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.12.051","volume":"379","author":"P Najt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Najt P, Glahn D, Bearden CE, Hatch JP, Monkul ES, Kaur S, Villarreal V, Bowden C, Soares JC: Attention deficits in bipolar disorder: a comparison based on the continuous performance test. Neurosci Lett. 2005, 379: 122-126. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.12.051.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1010_CR40","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Human Information Processing: Tutorial in Performance and Recognition","author":"RG Pachella","year":"1974","unstructured":"Pachella RG: The interpretation of reaction time in information-processing research. Human Information Processing: Tutorial in Performance and Recognition. Edited by: Kantowitz B. 1974, Hillsdale, NJ, USA: Erlbaum, 41-82."},{"key":"1010_CR41","first-page":"871","volume":"11","author":"DE Fleck","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fleck DE, Shear PK, Strakowski SM: Processing efficiency and directed forgetting in bipolar disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005, 11: 871-880.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"1010_CR42","first-page":"397","volume-title":"Handbook of Schizophrenia: Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology, and Information Processing","author":"KH Nuechterlein","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nuechterlein KH: Vigilance in schizophrenia and related disorders. Handbook of Schizophrenia: Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology, and Information Processing. Edited by: Steinhauer SR, Gruzelier JH, Zubin J. 1991, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 5: 397-433."},{"key":"1010_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.9.1680","volume":"162","author":"AC Swann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Swann AC, Dougherty DM, Pazzaglia PJ, Pham M, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG: Increased impulsivity associated with severity of suicide attempt history in patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2005, 162: 1680-1687. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.9.1680.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.175.3.246","volume":"175","author":"IN Ferrier","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ferrier IN, Stanton BR, Kelly TP, Scott J: Neuropsychological function in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1999, 175: 246-251. 10.1192\/bjp.175.3.246.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1605","volume":"158","author":"L Clark","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clark L, Iversen SD, Goodwin GM: A neuropsychological investigation of prefrontal cortex involvement in acute mania. Am J Psychiatry. 2001, 158: 1605-1611. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1605.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1010_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2001.030202.x","volume":"3","author":"KE Wilder-Willis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wilder-Willis KE, Sax KW, Rosenberg HL, Fleck DE, Shear PK, Strakowski SM: Persistent attentional dysfunction in remitted bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder. 2001, 3: 58-62. 10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2001.030202.x.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disorder"},{"key":"1010_CR47","first-page":"167","volume":"30","author":"S Markovska-Simoska","year":"2009","unstructured":"Markovska-Simoska S, Pop-Jordanova N: Comparison of visual and emotional continuous performance test related to sequence of presentation, gender and age. Prilozi. 2009, 30: 167-178.","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"key":"1010_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91085","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(96)00029-2","volume":"34","author":"JT Coull","year":"1996","unstructured":"Coull JT, Frith CD, Frackowiak RS, Grasby PM: A fronto-parietal network for rapid visual information processing: a PET study of sustained attention and working memory. Neuropsychologia. 1996, 34: 91085-91095. 10.1016\/0028-3932(96)00029-2.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1010_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.3.392","volume":"9","author":"T Paus","year":"1997","unstructured":"Paus T, Zatorre RJ, Hofle N, Caramanos Z: Time-related changes in neural systems underlying attention and arousal during the performance of an auditory vigilance task. J Cogn Neurosci. 1997, 9: 392-408. 10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.3.392.","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"1010_CR50","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Methodology of Frontal and Executive Function","author":"T Manly","year":"1997","unstructured":"Manly T, Robertson IH: Sustained attention and the frontal lobes. Methodology of Frontal and Executive Function. Edited by: Rabbitt P. 1997, Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 135-150."}],"container-title":["Annals of General Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1744-859X-9-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T11:28:07Z","timestamp":1630495687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/annals-general-psychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1744-859X-9-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,15]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1744-859x-9-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-859X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-859X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 November 2009","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2010","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2010","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"8"}}