{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:15:27Z","timestamp":1789071327791,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Brain Funct"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems are implicated in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The amino acid tyrosine is the precursor for synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine, while tryptophan is the precursor of serotonin. A disturbed transport of tyrosine, as well as other amino acids, has been found in a number of other psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism, when using the fibroblast cell model. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore whether children with ADHD may have disturbed amino acid transport.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Fibroblast cells were cultured from skin biopsies obtained from 14 boys diagnosed with ADHD and from 13 matching boys without a diagnosis of a developmental disorder. Transport of the amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan and alanine across the cell membrane was measured by the cluster tray method. The kinetic parameters, maximal transport capacity (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub> ) and affinity constant (<jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub> ) were determined. Any difference between the two groups was analyzed by Student's unpaired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test or the Mann Whitney U test.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The ADHD group had significantly decreased <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub> (p = 0.039) and <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub> (increased affinity) (p = 0.010) of tryptophan transport in comparison to controls. They also had a significantly higher <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub> of alanine transport (p = 0.031), but the <jats:italic>Km<\/jats:italic> of alanine transport did not differ significantly. There were no significant differences in any of the kinetic parameters regarding tyrosine transport in fibroblasts for the ADHD group.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Tryptophan uses the same transport systems in both fibroblasts and at the blood brain barrier (BBB). Hence, a decreased transport capacity of tryptophan implies that less tryptophan is being transported across the BBB in the ADHD group. This could lead to deficient serotonin access in the brain that might cause disturbances in both the serotonergic and the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter systems, since these systems are highly interconnected. The physiological importance of an elevated transport capacity of alanine to the brain is not known to date.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-7-40","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,24]],"date-time":"2011-09-24T18:15:44Z","timestamp":1316888144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Altered tryptophan and alanine transport in fibroblasts from boys with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Johansson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Landgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Fernell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Vumma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"\u00c5hlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Bjerkenstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Venizelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"358_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66915-2","volume":"366","author":"J Biederman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Biederman J, Faraone SV: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet. 2005, 366: 237-248. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66915-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"358_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.164.6.942","volume":"164","author":"G Polanczyk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA: The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007, 164: 942-948. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.164.6.942.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"358_CR3","first-page":"657","volume":"79","author":"R Rader","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rader R, McCauley L, Callen EC: Current strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. American family physician. 2009, 79: 657-665.","journal-title":"American family physician"},{"key":"358_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900014036","volume":"13","author":"RA Barkley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barkley RA, Brown TE: Unrecognized attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adults presenting with other psychiatric disorders. CNS spectrums. 2008, 13: 977-984.","journal-title":"CNS spectrums"},{"key":"358_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707000773","volume":"37","author":"A Thapar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thapar A, Langley K, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC: Advances in genetic findings on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychological medicine. 2007, 37: 1681-1692.","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"key":"358_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024","volume":"57","author":"SV Faraone","year":"2005","unstructured":"Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P: Molecular genetics of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Biological psychiatry. 2005, 57: 1313-1323. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024.","journal-title":"Biological psychiatry"},{"key":"358_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61109-9","volume":"376","author":"NM Williams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams NM, Zaharieva I, Martin A, Langley K, Mantripragada K, Fossdal R, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Magnusson P, Gudmundsson OO: Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2010, 376: 1401-1408. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61109-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"358_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318174f92a","volume":"28","author":"J Prince","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prince J: Catecholamine dysfunction in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: an update. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 2008, 28: S39-45. 10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318174f92a.","journal-title":"Journal of clinical psychopharmacology"},{"key":"358_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)00926-6","volume":"172","author":"RD Oades","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oades RD: Dopamine-serotonin interactions in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Prog Brain Res. 2008, 172: 543-565.","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"358_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2008.06.003","volume":"13","author":"D Seo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seo D, Patrick CJ, Kennealy PJ: Role of Serotonin and Dopamine System Interactions in the Neurobiology of Impulsive Aggression and its Comorbidity with other Clinical Disorders. Aggress Violent Behav. 2008, 13: 383-395. 10.1016\/j.avb.2008.06.003.","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"358_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1983.63.2.484","volume":"63","author":"JD Fernstrom","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fernstrom JD: Role of precursor availability in control of monoamine biosynthesis in brain. Physiol Rev. 1983, 63: 484-546.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"358_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20030405","volume":"373","author":"R Hyde","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hyde R, Taylor PM, Hundal HS: Amino acid transporters: roles in amino acid sensing and signalling in animal cells. Biochem J. 2003, 373: 1-18. 10.1042\/BJ20030405.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"358_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022482604276","volume":"23","author":"WM Pardridge","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pardridge WM: Blood-brain barrier carrier-mediated transport and brain metabolism of amino acids. Neurochem Res. 1998, 23: 635-644. 10.1023\/A:1022482604276.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"358_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb07702.x","volume":"28","author":"WM Pardridge","year":"1977","unstructured":"Pardridge WM, Oldendorf WH: Transport of metabolic substrates through the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem. 1977, 28: 5-12. 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb07702.x.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"358_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.01.028","volume":"434","author":"R Vumma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vumma R, Wiesel FA, Flyckt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Venizelos N: Functional characterization of tyrosine transport in fibroblast cells from healthy controls. Neurosci Lett. 2008, 434: 56-60. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.01.028.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"358_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(96)00025-8","volume":"30","author":"SP Mahadik","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mahadik SP, Mukherjee S: Cultured skin fibroblasts as a cell model for investigating schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 1996, 30: 421-439. 10.1016\/S0022-3956(96)00025-8.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"358_CR17","first-page":"663","volume":"21","author":"SM Stahl","year":"1985","unstructured":"Stahl SM: Peripheral models for the study of neurotransmitter receptors in man. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985, 21: 663-671.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"358_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2133\/dmpk.17.367","volume":"17","author":"N Umeki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Umeki N, Fukasawa Y, Ohtsuki S, Hori S, Watanabe Y, Kohno Y, Terasaki T: mRNA expression and amino acid transport characteristics of cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBME). Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2002, 17: 367-373. 10.2133\/dmpk.17.367.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"358_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08797","volume":"463","author":"T Vierbuchen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vierbuchen T, Ostermeier A, Pang ZP, Kokubu Y, Sudhof TC, Wernig M: Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors. Nature. 2010, 463: 1035-1041. 10.1038\/nature08797.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"358_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6536","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)84595-7","volume":"261","author":"TB Choi","year":"1986","unstructured":"Choi TB, Pardridge WM: Phenylalanine transport at the human blood-brain barrier. Studies with isolated human brain capillaries. J Biol Chem. 1986, 261: 6536-6541.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"358_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.218S","volume":"136","author":"RA Hawkins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hawkins RA, O'Kane RL, Simpson IA, Vina JR: Structure of the blood-brain barrier and its role in the transport of amino acids. J Nutr. 2006, 136: 218S-226S.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"358_CR22","first-page":"19","volume":"4","author":"V Ravi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ravi V, Jessica J, Tommy L, Nikolaos V: Tryptophan Transport in Human Fibroblast Cells - A Functional Characterization. International Journal of Tryptophan Research. 2011, 4: 19-27. http:\/\/www.la-press.com\/tryptophan-transport-in-human-fibroblast-cells-a-functional-characteri-article-a2600","journal-title":"International Journal of Tryptophan Research"},{"key":"358_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145705005638","volume":"9","author":"L Bjerkenstedt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bjerkenstedt L, Farde L, Terenius L, Edman G, Venizelos N, Wiesel FA: Support for limited brain availability of tyrosine in patients with schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006, 9: 247-255.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"358_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.03.004","volume":"418","author":"E Fernell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fernell E, Karagiannakis A, Edman G, Bjerkenstedt L, Wiesel FA, Venizelos N: Aberrant amino acid transport in fibroblasts from children with autism. Neurosci Lett. 2007, 418: 82-86. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.03.004.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"358_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.10.953","volume":"58","author":"L Flyckt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Flyckt L, Venizelos N, Edman G, Bjerkenstedt L, Hagenfeldt L, Wiesel FA: Aberrant tyrosine transport across the cell membrane in patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001, 58: 953-958. 10.1001\/archpsyc.58.10.953.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"358_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.09.070","volume":"393","author":"E Olsson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Olsson E, Wiesel FA, Bjerkenstedt L, Venizelos N: Tyrosine transport in fibroblasts from healthy volunteers and patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett. 2006, 393: 211-215. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.09.070.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"358_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00029-8","volume":"40","author":"FA Wiesel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wiesel FA, Andersson JL, Westerberg G, Wieselgren IM, Bjerkenstedt L, Hagenfeldt L, Langstrom B: Tyrosine transport is regulated differently in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1999, 40: 37-42. 10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00029-8.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"358_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(94)90050-7","volume":"13","author":"FA Wiesel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wiesel FA, Venizelos N, Bjerkenstedt L, Hagenfeldt L: Tyrosine transport in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1994, 13: 255-258. 10.1016\/0920-9964(94)90050-7.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"358_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.03.095","volume":"457","author":"ML Persson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Persson ML, Johansson J, Vumma R, Raita J, Bjerkenstedt L, Wiesel FA, Venizelos N: Aberrant amino acid transport in fibroblasts from patients with bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett. 2009, 457: 49-52. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.03.095.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"358_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-3278(96)90146-5","volume":"55","author":"CN Ramchand","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ramchand CN, Peet M, Clark AE, Gliddon AE, Hemmings GP: Decreased tyrosine transport in fibroblasts from schizophrenics: implications for membrane pathology. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1996, 55: 59-64. 10.1016\/S0952-3278(96)90146-5.","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"358_CR31","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 1994, Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 4"},{"key":"358_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90019-1","volume":"115","author":"GC Gazzola","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gazzola GC, Dall'Asta V, Franchi-Gazzola R, White MF: The cluster-tray method for rapid measurement of solute fluxes in adherent cultured cells. Anal Biochem. 1981, 115: 368-374. 10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90019-1.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"358_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90468-1","volume":"41","author":"L Hagenfeldt","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hagenfeldt L, Venizelos N, Bjerkenstedt L, Wiesel FA: Decreased tyrosine transport in fibroblasts from schizophrenic patients. Life Sci. 1987, 41: 2749-2757. 10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90468-1.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"358_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","volume":"72","author":"MM Bradford","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bradford MM: A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976, 72: 248-254. 10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"358_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2760057","volume":"276","author":"M Feneant-Thibault","year":"1991","unstructured":"Feneant-Thibault M, Galera P, Maccario J, Boutron A, Pujol JP, Moatti N: Interleukin-1 beta-induced changes in the kinetic constants of L-proline uptake in human skin fibroblasts. Biochem J. 1991, 276 (Pt 1): 57-62.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"358_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(97)00002-2","volume":"29","author":"S Goenner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goenner S, Cosson C, Boutron A, Legrand A, Moatti N: Interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 stimulate 2-methylaminoisobutyric acid uptake in HepG2 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1997, 29: 667-674. 10.1016\/S1357-2725(97)00002-2.","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"358_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(200004)183:1<65::AID-JCP8>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"183","author":"V Le Maire","year":"2000","unstructured":"Le Maire V, Solito E, Russo-Marie F, Hernvann A, Le Marechal H, Ekindjian OG, Aussel C: System A neutral amino acid transporter regulation by interleukin-1beta in human osteoarthritic synovial cells: evidence for involvement of prostaglandin E(2) as a second messenger. J Cell Physiol. 2000, 183: 65-73. 10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(200004)183:1<65::AID-JCP8>3.0.CO;2-H.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"358_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20849","volume":"99","author":"M Subramanian","year":"2006","unstructured":"Subramanian M, Kuang PP, Wei L, Rishikof DC, Liu H, Goldstein RH: Modulation of amino acid uptake by TGF-beta in lung myofibroblasts. J Cell Biochem. 2006, 99: 71-78. 10.1002\/jcb.20849.","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"358_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.06.008","volume":"12","author":"B Thongsong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thongsong B, Subramanian RK, Ganapathy V, Prasad PD: Inhibition of amino acid transport system a by interleukin-1beta in trophoblasts. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2005, 12: 495-503. 10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.06.008.","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Investig"},{"key":"358_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0206","volume":"255","author":"PD Prasad","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prasad PD, Wang H, Huang W, Kekuda R, Rajan DP, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Human LAT1, a subunit of system L amino acid transporter: molecular cloning and transport function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999, 255: 283-288. 10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0206.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"358_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.4.466","volume":"153","author":"S Kapur","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kapur S, Remington G: Serotonin-dopamine interaction and its relevance to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1996, 153: 466-476.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"358_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.7.10.1357","volume":"7","author":"RD Oades","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oades RD: Role of the serotonin system in ADHD: treatment implications. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007, 7: 1357-1374. 10.1586\/14737175.7.10.1357.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"358_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.01.001","volume":"26","author":"CA Winstanley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Winstanley CA, Eagle DM, Robbins TW: Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: translation between clinical and preclinical studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006, 26: 379-395. 10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.01.001.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"358_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-28","volume":"8","author":"K Malmberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Malmberg K, Wargelius HL, Lichtenstein P, Oreland L, Larsson JO: ADHD and Disruptive Behavior scores-associations with MAO-A and 5-HTT genes and with platelet MAO-B activity in adolescents. BMC Psychiatry. 2008, 8: 28-10.1186\/1471-244X-8-28.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"358_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/108705479900300103","volume":"3","author":"LE Arnold","year":"1999","unstructured":"Arnold LE: Treatment alternatives for Attention-Deficit! Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Journal of Attention Disorders. 1999, 3: 30-48. 10.1177\/108705479900300103.","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"358_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.44.070175.004441","volume":"44","author":"P Felig","year":"1975","unstructured":"Felig P: Amino acid metabolism in man. Annu Rev Biochem. 1975, 44: 933-955. 10.1146\/annurev.bi.44.070175.004441.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"358_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1159\/000111354","volume":"15","author":"M Yudkoff","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yudkoff M, Nissim I, Daikhin Y, Lin ZP, Nelson D, Pleasure D, Erecinska M: Brain glutamate metabolism: neuronal-astroglial relationships. Dev Neurosci. 1993, 15: 343-350. 10.1159\/000111354.","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"358_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2008.01.003","volume":"23","author":"E Cormier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cormier E: Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a review and update. Journal of pediatric nursing. 2008, 23: 345-357. 10.1016\/j.pedn.2008.01.003.","journal-title":"Journal of pediatric nursing"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"358_CR49","first-page":"I80","volume":"13","author":"C Gillberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gillberg C, Gillberg IC, Rasmussen P, Kadesjo B, Soderstrom H, Rastam M, Johnson M, Rothenberger A, Niklasson L: Co-existing disorders in ADHD -- implications for diagnosis and intervention. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2004, 13 (Suppl 1): I80-92.","journal-title":"European child & adolescent psychiatry"},{"key":"358_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.4.1.3","volume":"4","author":"SL Dubovsky","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dubovsky SL, Murphy J, Christiano J, Lee C: The calcium second messenger system in bipolar disorders: data supporting new research directions. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992, 4: 3-14.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"358_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869189","volume":"52","author":"BE Ehrlich","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ehrlich BE, Diamond JM: Lithium, membranes, and manic-depressive illness. J Membr Biol. 1980, 52: 187-200. 10.1007\/BF01869189.","journal-title":"J Membr Biol"},{"key":"358_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90031-3","volume":"45","author":"HM Lachman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lachman HM, Papolos DF: Abnormal signal transduction: a hypothetical model for bipolar affective disorder. Life Sci. 1989, 45: 1413-1426. 10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90031-3.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"358_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00151-5","volume":"30","author":"DF Horrobin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Horrobin DF: The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1998, 30: 193-208. 10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00151-5.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"358_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1205727","volume":"80","author":"RL Seymour","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seymour RL, Ganapathy V, Mellor AL, Munn DH: A high-affinity, tryptophan-selective amino acid transport system in human macrophages. J Leukoc Biol. 2006, 80: 1320-1327. 10.1189\/jlb.1205727.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"358_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-002-0973-z","volume":"445","author":"F Verrey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Verrey F: System L: heteromeric exchangers of large, neutral amino acids involved in directional transport. Pflugers Arch. 2003, 445: 529-533.","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"}],"container-title":["Behavioral and Brain Functions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1744-9081-7-40.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T16:29:27Z","timestamp":1630513767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1744-9081-7-40"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,24]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1744-9081-7-40","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-9081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-9081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"40"}}