{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T06:27:55Z","timestamp":1768285675311,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head Face Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this paper was to determine the most common craniofacial changes in patients suffering Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) with regards to the degree of obesity. Accordingly, cephalometric data reported in the literature was searched and analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>After a careful analysis of the literature from 1990 to 2006, 5 papers with similar procedural criteria were selected. Inclusion criteria were: recruitment of Caucasian patients with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) &gt;10 as grouped in non-obese (Body Mass Index \u2013 [BMI] &lt; 30)<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. obese (BMI \u2265 30).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A low position of the hyoid bone was present in both groups. In non-obese patients, an increased value of the ANB angle and a reduced dimension of the cranial base (S-N) were found to be the most common finding, whereas major skeletal divergence (ANS-PNS ^Go-Me) was evident among obese patients. No strict association was found between OSAS and length of the soft palate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In both non-obese and obese OSAS patients, skeletal changes were often evident; with special emphasis of intermaxillary divergence in obese patients. Unexpectedly, in obese OSAS patients, alterations of oropharyngeal soft tissue were not always present and did not prevail.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160x-3-41","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,22]],"date-time":"2007-12-22T19:13:23Z","timestamp":1198350803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Obesity and craniofacial variables in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: comparisons of cephalometric values"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Antonino M","family":"Cuccia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Campisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosangela","family":"Cannavale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Colella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"103_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/22.5.667","volume":"22","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force","year":"1999","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force: Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders in Adults: Recommendations for Syndrome Definition and Measurement Techniques in Clinical Research. Sleep. 1999, 22: 667-689.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"103_CR2","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Sleeping and waking disorders: indications and techniques","author":"C Guilleminault","year":"1982","unstructured":"Guilleminault C: Sleep and breathing. Sleeping and waking disorders: indications and techniques. Edited by: Guilleminault C. 1982, MenloPark, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 155-182."},{"key":"103_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.3.781","volume":"104","author":"C Guilleminault","year":"1993","unstructured":"Guilleminault C, Stoohs R, Clerk A, Cetel M, Maistro P: A cause of excessive daytime sleepiness: the upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest. 1993, 104: 781-787. 10.1378\/chest.104.3.781.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"103_CR4","first-page":"196","volume":"20","author":"WC Tan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tan WC, Koh TH: Evaluation of obstructive sleep apnoea in Singapore using computerised polygraphic monitoring. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1991, 20 (2): 196-200.","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"103_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.02070613","volume":"2","author":"RL Horner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Horner RL, Mohiaddin RH, Lowell DG, Shea SA, Burman FD, Longmore DB, Guz A: Sites and size of fat depositis around the pharynx in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea and weight matched control. Eur Respir J. 1989, 2: 613-622.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"103_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.3.9911064","volume":"163","author":"EO Bixler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM: Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in women: effects of gender. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 163: 608-613.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"103_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200109000-00001","volume":"111","author":"RP Walker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Walker RP, Durazo-Arvizu R, Wachter B, Gopalsami C: Preoperative differences between male and female patients with sleep apnoea. Laryngoscope. 2001, 111: 1501-1505. 10.1097\/00005537-200109000-00001.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"103_CR8","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Malattie dell'apparato respiratorio","author":"O Marrone","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marrone O, Bonsignore MR, Insalaco G, Salvaggio A: Patologia disventolatoria associata al sonno. Malattie dell'apparato respiratorio. 2006, McGraw-Hill.ed., Milano, 291-294."},{"key":"103_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989310900606","volume":"109","author":"M Zuconi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zuconi M, Ferroini Strambi L, Palazzi S: Craniofacial cephalometric evaluation in habitual snorers with and without obstuctive sleep apnea. Otolaryngfol Head Neck Surg. 1993, 109: 1007-","journal-title":"Otolaryngfol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"103_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(05)80007-4","volume":"20","author":"L Andersson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Andersson L, Brattstrom V: Cephalometric analysis of permanently snoring patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995, 20: 159-162. 10.1016\/S0901-5027(05)80007-4.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"103_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(86)90108-3","volume":"90","author":"A Lowe","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lowe A, Santamaria J, Fleetham J: Facial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1986, 90: 484-491. 10.1016\/0889-5406(86)90108-3.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"103_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70117-F","volume":"99","author":"HW Fields","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fields HW, Warren DW, Black K, Phillips CL: Relationship between vertical dentofacial morphology and respiration in adolescents. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991, 99: 147-154. 10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70117-F.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"103_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(95)90621-5","volume":"53","author":"B Steinberg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Steinberg B, Fraser B: The cranial base in obstructive sleep apnea. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995, 53: 1150-1154. 10.1016\/0278-2391(95)90621-5.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"103_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/20.2.133","volume":"20","author":"MM Ozbek","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ozbek MM, Miyamoto K, Lowe AA, Fleetham JA: Natural head posture, upper airway morphology and obstructive sleep apnoea severity in adults. Eur J Orthod. 1998, 20: 133-143. 10.1093\/ejo\/20.2.133.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"103_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjh077","volume":"27","author":"ML Wong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wong ML, Sandham A, Ang PK, Wong DC, Tan WC, Huggare J: Craniofacial morphology, head posture, and nasal respiratory resistance in obstructive sleep apnoea: an inter-ethnic comparison. Eur J Orthod. 2005, 27: 91-97. 10.1093\/ejo\/cjh077.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"103_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/26.3.321","volume":"26","author":"T Ingman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ingman T, Nieminen T, Hurmerinta K: Cephalometric Comparison of pharyngeal changes in subjects with upper airway resistance syndrome or obstructive sleep apnoea in upright and supine positions. Eur J Orthod. 2004, 26: 321-326. 10.1093\/ejo\/26.3.321.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"103_CR17","first-page":"124","volume":"72","author":"UB Baik","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baik UB, Suzuki M, Ikeda K, Sugawara J, Mitani H: Relationship between cephalometric characteristics and obstructive sites in obstructive sleep apnea Sindrome. Angle Orthodontist. 2002, 72: 124-134.","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"6","key":"103_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70101-X","volume":"107","author":"AA Lowe","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lowe AA, Fleetham JA, Adachi S, Ryan CF: Cephalometric and computed tomographic predictors of obstructive sleep apnea severity. Am J Orthod. 1995, 107 (6): 589-595.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"103_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.6.1199","volume":"93","author":"M Partinem","year":"1988","unstructured":"Partinem M, Guilleminault C, Quera-Salva MA, Jamieson A: Obstructive sleep apnea and cephalometric roentgenograms. The role of anatomic upper airway abnormalities in the definition of abnormal breathing during sleep. Chest. 1988, 93: 1199-1205. 10.1378\/chest.93.6.1199.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"103_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-7_Part_2-199310011-00026","volume":"119","author":"NIH Technology Assessment Conference panel","year":"1993","unstructured":"NIH Technology Assessment Conference panel: National Institute of Health Technology Assessment Conference: Methods for Voluntary Weight Loss and Control. Ann Intern Med. 1993, 119: 764-77.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"103_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1054\/jcms.2000.0147","volume":"28","author":"V Tangugsorn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tangugsorn V, Krogstad O, Espeland L, Lyberg T: Obstructive sleep apnoea: multiple comparisons og cephalometric variables of obese and non obese patients. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 2000, 28: 204-212. 10.1054\/jcms.2000.0147.","journal-title":"J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery"},{"key":"103_CR22","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Primer of Biostatistics","author":"SA Glantz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Glantz SA: Primer of Biostatistics. 2002, 77-80. 5","edition":"5"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"103_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.2.9810091","volume":"161","author":"E Sforza","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sforza E, Bacon W, Weiss T, Thibault A, Petiau C, Krieger J: Upper airway collapsibility and cephalometric variables in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 161 (2 Pt 1): 347-352.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"103_CR24","first-page":"408","volume":"69","author":"EK Pae","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pae EK, Ferguson KA: Cephalometric characteristics of nonobese patients with severe OSA. Angle Orthod. 1999, 69 (5): 408-412.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"103_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.2000.0551","volume":"39","author":"JR Paoli","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paoli JR, Lauwers F, Lacassagne L, Tiberge M, Dodart L, Boutault F: Craniofacial differences according to the body mass index of patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: cephalometric study in 85 patients. British J Oral Maxillofacial Surg. 2001, 39: 40-45. 10.1054\/bjom.2000.0551.","journal-title":"British J Oral Maxillofacial Surg"},{"key":"103_CR26","first-page":"305","volume":"102","author":"N Iked","year":"2001","unstructured":"Iked N, Hazime N, Dekeister C, Folia M, Tiberge M, Paoli JR: Comparaison des caract\u00e9ristiques c\u00e9phalom\u00e9triques de patients ronfleurs et apn\u00e9iques en fonction du degr\u00e9 d'ob\u00e9sit\u00e9. A propos de 162 cas. Rev Stom: Chir Maxillofac. 2001, 102: 305-311.","journal-title":"Rev Stom: Chir Maxillofac"},{"key":"103_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.46.6.419","volume":"46","author":"F Maltais","year":"1991","unstructured":"Maltais F, Carrier G, Cormier Y, Seri\u00e8s F: Cephalometric measurements in snorers, non-snorers, and patients with sleep apnoea. Thorax. 1991, 46: 419-","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"103_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.2.375","volume":"108","author":"KA Ferguson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ferguson KA, Ono T, Lowe AA, Ryan F, Fleetham JA: The relationship between obesity and craniofacial structure in obstructive sleep apnoea. Chest. 1995, 108: 375-381.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"103_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.1.154","volume":"111","author":"S Nelson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nelson S, Hans M: Contribution of craniofacial risk factors in increasing apneic activity among obese and nonobese habitual snorer.s. Chest. 1997, 111: 154-162.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"103_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/24.5.447","volume":"24","author":"B Solow","year":"2002","unstructured":"Solow B, Sandham A: Cranio-cervical posture: a factor in the development and function of the dentofacial structures. Eur J Orthod. 2002, 24 (5): 447-56. 10.1093\/ejo\/24.5.447.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"6","key":"103_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/18.6.571","volume":"18","author":"B Solow","year":"1996","unstructured":"Solow B, Skov S, Ovesen J, Norup PW, Wildschiotdz G: Airway dimensions and head posture in obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur J Orthod. 1996, 18 (6): 571-579. 10.1093\/ejo\/18.6.571.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"103_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(97)70078-7","volume":"112","author":"J Huggare","year":"1997","unstructured":"Huggare J, Laine-Alava MT: Nasorespiratory function and head posture. Am J Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1997, 112: 507-511. 10.1016\/S0889-5406(97)70078-7.","journal-title":"Am J Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"key":"103_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(88)90128-X","volume":"94","author":"A Winnberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Winnberg A, Pancherz H, Westesson PL: Head posture and hyomandibular function in man: a synchronized electromyographic and videofluorographic study of the open-close clench-cycle. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988, 94: 393-404. 10.1016\/0889-5406(88)90128-X.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"103_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199601113340207","volume":"334","author":"PJ Strollo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Strollo PJ, Rogers RM: Obstructive sleep apnoea. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996, 334: 99-104. 10.1056\/NEJM199601113340207.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"103_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304293281704","volume":"328","author":"T Young","year":"1993","unstructured":"Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S: The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med. 1993, 328: 1230-1235. 10.1056\/NEJM199304293281704.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Head &amp; Face Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-160X-3-41.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1746-160X-3-41\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-160X-3-41","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-160X-3-41.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T12:44:33Z","timestamp":1684154673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/head-face-med.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1746-160X-3-41"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-160x-3-41","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 January 2007","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2007","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2007","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"41"}}