{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:18:43Z","timestamp":1780049923868,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,16]],"date-time":"2009-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1255651200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head Face Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Nasal hypersecretion due to idiopathic rhinitis can often not be treated sufficiently by conventional medication. Botulinum toxin A (BTA) has been injected into the nasal mucosa in patients with nasal hypersecretion with a reduction of rhinorrhea lasting for about 4 to 8 weeks. Since the nasal mucosa is well supplied with glands and vessels, the aim of this study was to find out if the distribution of BTA in the nasal mucosa and a reduction of nasal hypersecretion can also be reached by a minimally invasive application by sponges without an injection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Patients were randomly divided into two groups. The effect of BTA (group A, C, D) or saline as placebo (group B) was investigated in 20 patients with idiopathic rhinitis by applying it with a sponge soaked with BTA (40 units each nostril) or saline. Subgroups C and D contained these patients of group A and B who did not improve in symptoms one week after the original treatment (either BTA or saline) who then received the alternative medication. Changes of symptoms (rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction) were scored by the patients in a four point scale and counted (consumption of tissues, sneezing) in a diary. The patients were followed up weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There was a clear reduction of the amount of secretion in group A compared to group B, C and D. This did not correlate with the tissue consumption, which was comparably reduced in group A and B, but reduced less in group C and D. Sneezing was clearly reduced in group A but comparably unchanged in group B and C and increased in group D. Nasal congestion remained unchanged.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In some patients with therapy-resistant idiopathic rhinitis BTA applied with a sponge is a long-lasting and minimal invasive therapy to reduce nasal hypersecretion.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160x-5-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,16]],"date-time":"2009-10-16T18:18:17Z","timestamp":1255717097000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Minimally invasive application of botulinum toxin A in patients with idiopathic rhinitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Saskia","family":"Rohrbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Junghans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibylle","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Laskawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"153_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100142380","volume":"112","author":"NS Jones","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jones NS, Carney AS, Davis A: The prevalence of allergic rhinosinusitis: a review. J Laryngol Otol. 1998, 112 (11): 1019-1030. 10.1017\/S0022215100142380.","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"3","key":"153_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1996.tb01724.x","volume":"21","author":"AS Carney","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carney AS, Jones NS: Idiopathic rhinitis: idiopathic or not?. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1996, 21 (3): 198-202. 10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1996.tb01724.x.","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 76","key":"153_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0108-1675.2004.00389.x","volume":"59","author":"C Bachert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bachert C: Persistent rhinitis - allergic or nonallergic?. Allergy. 2004, 59 (Suppl 76): 11-15. 10.1111\/j.0108-1675.2004.00389.x.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"153_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.115569","volume":"108","author":"DP Skoner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Skoner DP: Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001, 108 (1 Suppl): S2-8. 10.1067\/mai.2001.115569.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"19 Suppl","key":"153_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"49","author":"International Consensus Report on the diagnosis and management of rhinitis","year":"1994","unstructured":"International Consensus Report on the diagnosis and management of rhinitis: International Rhinitis Management Working Group. Allergy. 1994, 49 (19 Suppl): 1-34.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"153_CR6","first-page":"L223","volume":"261","author":"JN Baraniuk","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baraniuk JN, Kaliner MA: Neuropeptides and nasal secretion. Am J Physiol. 1991, 261: L223-235.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"153_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon SY, Majima Y, Kawaguchi S: Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies of substance P in guinea pig nasal glands. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh). 1993, 41-46. 10.3109\/00016489309130239. Suppl 506","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489309130239"},{"key":"153_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(00)00082-5","volume":"80","author":"T Kondo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kondo T, Inokuchi T, Ohta K, Annoh H, Chang J: Distribution, chemical coding and origin of nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibers the guinea pig nasal mucosa. J Auton Nerv Syst. 2000, 80: 71-79. 10.1016\/S0165-1838(00)00082-5.","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"153_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1159\/000066087","volume":"64","author":"S Rohrbach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rohrbach S, Olthoff A, Laskawi R, G\u00f6tz W: Neuronal nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity. A neuromodulating system independent of peripheral nasal gland denervation in guinea pig nasal mucosal tissue after treatment with botulinum toxin type A. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2002, 64 (5): 330-334.","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"issue":"3","key":"153_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000058022","volume":"64","author":"A Olthoff","year":"2002","unstructured":"Olthoff A, Rohrbach S, Faber M, G\u00f6tz W, Laskawi R: Neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the nasal mucosa of patients with idiopathic and allergic rhinitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2002, 64 (3): 180-185.","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"key":"153_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104253241707","volume":"324","author":"J Jankovicz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jankovicz J, Brin MF: Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin. N Engl J Med. 1991, 324: 1186-1194.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"153_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199803000-00013","volume":"108","author":"R Laskawi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Laskawi R, Drobik C, Schoenebeck C: Up-to-date-report of botulinum toxin type A treatment in patients with gustatory sweating (Frey's syndrome). Laryngoscope. 1998, 108: 381-384. 10.1097\/00005537-199803000-00013.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"153_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(99)90420-2","volume":"57","author":"R Laskawi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Laskawi R, Ellies M, R\u00f6del R, Schoenebeck C: Gustatory sweating: clinical implications and etiologic aspects. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999, 57: 642-649. 10.1016\/S0278-2391(99)90420-2.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"153_CR14","first-page":"23","volume":"8","author":"W Beuche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beuche W, Arglebe C, Laskawi R: Quantitative reduction of saliva production in two ALS patients with intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res. 2000, 8: 23-26.","journal-title":"Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"153_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200201000-00015","volume":"112","author":"M Ellies","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ellies M, Laskawi R, Rohrbach-Volland S, Arglebe C, Beuche W: Botulinum toxin to reduce saliva flow: selected indications for ultrasound-guided toxin application into salivary glands. Laryngoscope. 2002, 112 (1): 82-86. 10.1097\/00005537-200201000-00015.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"3","key":"153_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100158281","volume":"112","author":"KS Kim","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kim KS, Kim SS, Yoon JH, Han JW: The effect of botulinum toxin type A injection for intrinsic rhinitis. J Laryngol Otol. 1998, 112 (3): 248-51. 10.1017\/S0022215100158281.","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"9","key":"153_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2003.11720744","volume":"123","author":"M Unal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Unal M, Sevim S, Dogu O, Vayisoglu Y, Kanik A: Effect of botulinum toxin type A on nasal symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Acta Otolaryngol. 2003, 123 (9): 1060-3.","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"153_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.06.031","volume":"139","author":"TY Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang TY, Jung YG, Kim YH, Jang TY: A comparison of the effects of botulinum toxin A and steroid injection on nasal allergy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008, 139 (3): 367-371. 10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.06.031.","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"153_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(95)70212-1","volume":"112","author":"CM Shaari","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shaari CM, Sanders I, Wu BL, Biller HF: Rhinorrhea is decreased in dogs after nasal application of botulinum toxin. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995, 112 (4): 566-71. 10.1016\/S0194-5998(95)70212-1.","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"153_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111001110","volume":"110","author":"S Rohrbach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rohrbach S, Olthoff A, Laskawi R, Giefer B, G\u00f6tz W: Botulinum toxin type A induces apoptosis in nasal glands of guinea pigs. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001, 110 (11): 1045-50.","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"11","key":"153_CR21","first-page":"643","volume":"17","author":"J Wang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang J, Chen F, Meng M, Zhang X, Chen Y, Huang W, Wang Y: The influence of botulinum toxin type A on vasomotor rhinitis and morphological study. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. 2003, 17 (11): 643-5.","journal-title":"Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"6","key":"153_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1159\/000055778","volume":"63","author":"S Rohrbach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rohrbach S, Laskawi R: Minimally invasive application of botulinum toxin type A in nasal hypersecretion. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2001, 63 (6): 382-4.","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"issue":"1","key":"153_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19980915)37:1<44::AID-PROS7>3.0.CO;2-8","volume":"37","author":"R Doggweiler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Doggweiler R, Zermann DH, Ishigooka M, Schmidt RA: Botox-induced prostatic involution. Prostate. 2001, 37 (1): 44-50. 10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19980915)37:1<44::AID-PROS7>3.0.CO;2-8.","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"issue":"12","key":"153_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-19574","volume":"80","author":"S Knipping","year":"2001","unstructured":"Knipping S, Riederer A, Agha Mir Salim P, Holzhausen HJ, Berghaus A: Basic classical, peptidergic and nitrergic innervation pattern of human nasal glands - a histochemical and immunohistochemical study. Laryngorhinootologie. 2001, 80 (12): 697-703. 10.1055\/s-2001-19574.","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"issue":"2","key":"153_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480410016856","volume":"125","author":"M Unal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Unal M: Investigate the effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on nasal symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2005, 125 (2): 223-10.1080\/00016480410016856.","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"5","key":"153_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2006.01.008","volume":"27","author":"C Ozcan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ozcan C, Vayisoglu Y, Dogu O, Gorur K: The effect of intranasal injection of botulinum toxin A on the symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis. Am J Otolaryngol. 2006, 27 (5): 314-318. 10.1016\/j.amjoto.2006.01.008.","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Head &amp; Face Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-160X-5-18.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1746-160X-5-18\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-160X-5-18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-160X-5-18.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T08:24:32Z","timestamp":1630484672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/head-face-med.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1746-160X-5-18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,16]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-160x-5-18","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2009","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2009","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2009","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"18"}}