{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:33:32Z","timestamp":1780410812654,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,9]],"date-time":"2011-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1307577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,9]],"date-time":"2011-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1307577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The use of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) can help students to form schemas for interpreting local phenomena through the prism of what they already know. The formation of schemas related to HIV\/AIDS risk perception and prevention is important for individuals to form local meanings of the HIV\/AIDS epidemic. The objective of this study was to explore the indigenous names and symptoms of HIV\/AIDS among High School students in Namibia<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Focus group discussions were used to collect qualitative data on indigenous names and symptoms of HIV\/AIDS from students in 18 secondary schools located in six education regions. Data were grouped into themes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>People living with HIV\/AIDS were called names meaning prostitute: <jats:italic>ihule, butuku bwa sihule<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>shikumbu<\/jats:italic>. Names such as<jats:italic>kibutu bwa masapo<\/jats:italic> (bone disease),<jats:italic>katjumba<\/jats:italic> (a young child),<jats:italic>kakithi<\/jats:italic> (disease), and<jats:italic>shinangele<\/jats:italic> (very thin person) were used to describe AIDS. Derogatory names like <jats:italic>mbwa<\/jats:italic> (dog), <jats:italic>esingahogo<\/jats:italic> (pretender), <jats:italic>ekifi<\/jats:italic> (disease), and <jats:italic>shinyakwi noyana<\/jats:italic> (useless person) were also used. Other terms connoted death (<jats:italic>zeguru<\/jats:italic>, heaven; <jats:italic>omudimba<\/jats:italic>, corpse), fear (<jats:italic>simbandembande<\/jats:italic>, fish eagle; <jats:italic>katanga kamufifi<\/jats:italic>, (hot ball), and subtle meaning using slang words such as 4 \u00d7 4, <jats:italic>oondanda ne<\/jats:italic> (four letters), desert soul, and mapilelo (an AIDS service organization). Typical (body wasting) and non-typical (big head, red eyes) symptoms of HIV were also revealed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study determined students' IK of the names and symptoms of HIV\/AIDS. Programmes to prevent\/manage adolescent HIV infection and stigma may be strengthened if they take students' indigenous understandings of the disease on board.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-7-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,10]],"date-time":"2011-06-10T05:27:06Z","timestamp":1307683626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Indigenous knowledge of HIV\/AIDS among High School students in Namibia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kazhila C","family":"Chinsembu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia N","family":"Shimwooshili-Shaimemanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choshi D","family":"Kasanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donovan","family":"Zealand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"225_CR1","volume-title":"The future of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in global knowledge innovations","author":"OM Nkondo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nkondo OM: The future of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in globalknowledge innovations.South Africa, North-West University, Mafikengcampus: KwaMaritane Game Lodge17-19 August 2010."},{"key":"225_CR2","volume-title":"The role of governance and democracy in promoting community innovations in the bio-economy","author":"LJ Teffo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Teffo LJ: The role of governance and democracy in promotingcommunity innovations in the bio-economy.South Africa, North-WestUniversity, Mafikeng campus: KwaMaritane Game Lodge17-19 August 2010"},{"key":"225_CR3","volume-title":"The role of higher education and research institutions in promoting indigenous knowledge and innovation in the bio-economy in Southern Africa","author":"Y Seleti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seleti Y: The role of higher education and research institutions inpromoting indigenous knowledge and innovation in the bio-economyin Southern Africa.South Africa, North-West University, Mafikeng campus:KwaMaritane Game Lodge17-19 August 2010."},{"key":"225_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.1997.0948","volume":"22","author":"E Price","year":"1997","unstructured":"Price E, Driscoll M: An inquiry into the spontaneous transfer of problem-solving skill. 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