{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:15:59Z","timestamp":1790680559118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]],"date-time":"2011-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]],"date-time":"2011-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The northern part of India harbours a great diversity of medicinal plants due to its distinct geography and ecological marginal conditions. The traditional medical systems of northern India are part of a time tested culture and honored still by people today. These traditional systems have been curing complex disease for more than 3,000 years. With rapidly growing demand for these medicinal plants, most of the plant populations have been depleted, indicating a lack of ecological knowledge among communities using the plants. Thus, an attempt was made in this study to focus on the ecological status of ethnomedicinal plants, to determine their availability in the growing sites, and to inform the communities about the sustainable exploitation of medicinal plants in the wild.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ecological information regarding ethnomedicinal plants was collected in three different climatic regions (tropical, sub-tropical and temperate) for species composition in different forest layers. The ecological information was assessed using the quadrate sampling method. A total of 25 quadrats, 10 \u00d7 10 m were laid out at random in order to sample trees and shrubs, and 40 quadrats of 1 \u00d7 1 m for herbaceous plants. In each climatic region, three vegetation sites were selected for ecological information; the mean values of density, basal cover, and the importance value index from all sites of each region were used to interpret the final data. Ethnomedicinal uses were collected from informants of adjacent villages. About 10% of inhabitants (older, experienced men and women) were interviewed about their use of medicinal plants. A consensus analysis of medicinal plant use between the different populations was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across the different climatic regions a total of 57 species of plants were reported: 14 tree species, 10 shrub species, and 33 herb species. In the tropical and sub-tropical regions,\n                      <jats:italic>Acacia catechu<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the dominant tree while\n                      <jats:italic>Ougeinia oojeinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the tropical region and\n                      <jats:italic>Terminalia belerica<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the sub-tropical region were least dominant reported. In the temperate region,\n                      <jats:italic>Quercus leucotrichophora<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the dominant tree and\n                      <jats:italic>Pyrus pashia<\/jats:italic>\n                      the least dominant tree. A total of 10 shrubs were recorded in all three regions:\n                      <jats:italic>Adhatoda vasica<\/jats:italic>\n                      was common species in the tropical and sub-tropical regions however,\n                      <jats:italic>Rhus parviflora<\/jats:italic>\n                      was common species in the sub-tropical and temperate regions. Among the 33 herbs,\n                      <jats:italic>Sida cordifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      was dominant in the tropical and sub-tropical regions, while\n                      <jats:italic>Barleria prionitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      the least dominant in tropical and\n                      <jats:italic>Phyllanthus amarus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the sub-tropical region. In temperate region,\n                      <jats:italic>Vernonia anthelmintica<\/jats:italic>\n                      was dominant and\n                      <jats:italic>Imperata cylindrica<\/jats:italic>\n                      least dominant. The consensus survey indicated that the inhabitants have a high level of agreement regarding the usages of single plant. The index value was high (1.0) for warts, vomiting, carminative, pain, boils and antiseptic uses, and lowest index value (0.33) was found for bronchitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The medicinal plants treated various ailments. These included diarrhea, dysentery, bronchitis, menstrual disorders, gonorrhea, pulmonary affections, migraines, leprosy. The ecological studies showed that the tree density and total basal cover increased from the tropical region to sub-tropical and temperate regions. The species composition changed with climatic conditions. Among the localities used for data collection in each climatic region, many had very poor vegetation cover. The herbaceous layer decreased with increasing altitude, which might be an indication that communities at higher elevations were harvesting more herbaceous medicinal plants, due to the lack of basic health care facilities. Therefore, special attention needs to be given to the conservation of medicinal plants in order to ensure their long-term availability to the local inhabitants. Data on the use of individual species of medicinal plants is needed to provide an in-depth assessment of the plants availability in order to design conservation strategies to protect individual species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-7-32","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,9]],"date-time":"2011-11-09T15:26:40Z","timestamp":1320852400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Ethnomedicinal and ecological status of plants in Garhwal Himalaya, India"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Munesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehraj A","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer W","family":"Bussmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"241_CR1","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Setting priorities for conservation of medicinal plants - A case study in the Indian Himalaya","author":"U Dhar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dhar U, Rawal RS, Upreti J: Setting priorities for conservation of medicinal plants - A case study in the Indian Himalaya. 2000, 57-65."},{"key":"241_CR2","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Floristic diversity","author":"DK Singh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Singh DK, Hajara PK: Floristic diversity. 1996, In Biodiversity Status in the Himalaya New Delhi: Britis Council, 23-38."},{"key":"241_CR3","volume-title":"Medicinal Plants of Indian Himalaya: Diversity Distribution Potential Value","author":"SS Samant","year":"1998","unstructured":"Samant SS, Dhar U, Palni LMS: Medicinal Plants of Indian Himalaya: Diversity Distribution Potential Value. 1998, Almora: G.B Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development"},{"key":"241_CR4","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Revitalizing traditional herbal therapy by exploring medicinal plants: A casestudy of Uttaranchal State in India","author":"CP Kala","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kala CP: Revitalizing traditional herbal therapy by exploring medicinal plants: A casestudy of Uttaranchal State in India. 2004, In Indigenous Knowledge: Transforming the Academy, Proceedings of an International Conferences Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University, 15-21."},{"key":"241_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-3-35","volume":"3","author":"AK Verma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Verma AK, Kumar M, Bussmann RW: Medicinal plants in an urban environment: the medicinal flora of Banares Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2007, 3: 35-10.1186\/1746-4269-3-35.","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine"},{"key":"241_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1086\/327316","volume":"21","author":"JW Harshburger","year":"1896","unstructured":"Harshburger JW: Purpose of Ethnobotany. Botanical Gazette. 1896, 21: 146-154. 10.1086\/327316.","journal-title":"Botanical Gazette"},{"key":"241_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(02)00285-X","volume":"74","author":"H Azaizeh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Azaizeh H, Fulder S, Khalil K, Said O: Ethonomedicinal knowledge of local Arab Practitioners in the Middle East Region. Fitoterapia. 2003, 74: 98-108. 10.1016\/S0367-326X(02)00285-X.","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"241_CR8","volume-title":"Amruth, August, FRLHT, Banglore -10","author":"Anonmous","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anonmous: Amruth, August, FRLHT, Banglore -10. 1997"},{"key":"241_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[1251:ROTEKA]2.0.CO;2","volume":"10","author":"F Berkes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C: Rediscover of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological application. 2000, 10: 1251-1262. 10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[1251:ROTEKA]2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"Ecological application"},{"key":"241_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[1270:UTEKIS]2.0.CO;2","volume":"10","author":"HP Huntingto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Huntingto HP: Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: methods and application. Ecological Applications. 2000, 10: 1270-1274. 10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[1270:UTEKIS]2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"241_CR11","first-page":"300","volume-title":"Applied Ethnobotany","author":"AB Cunningham","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cunningham AB: Applied Ethnobotany. 2001, People, Wild Plant Use and Conservation. Earthscan, London, 300-"},{"key":"241_CR12","volume-title":"Panarchy: undrestandig trasnformatons in human and natural systems","author":"LH Gunderson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gunderson LH, Holling CS: Panarchy: undrestandig trasnformatons in human and natural systems. 2002, Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"241_CR13","first-page":"137","volume":"11","author":"F Hussain","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hussain F, Sher H, Ibrar Mohammad, Durrani MJ: Ethnobotanical uses of plants of District Swat, Pakistan. Pak J Pl Sci. 2005, 11 (2): 137-158.","journal-title":"Pak J Pl Sci"},{"key":"241_CR14","first-page":"35","volume":"40","author":"VK Singh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Singh VK, Ali ZA, Siddiqui MK: Folk medicinal plants of Garhwal and Kumaon forest of Uttar Pradesh, India. Hamdard Medicus. 1997, 40: 35-47.","journal-title":"Hamdard Medicus"},{"key":"241_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(93)90054-9","volume":"40","author":"MP Gupta","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gupta MP, Corea MD, Soils PN, Jones A, Galdames C: Medicinal Plants inventory of Kuna Indians: Part1. Journal Ethnopharmacology. 1995, 40: 77-109.","journal-title":"Journal Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"241_CR16","first-page":"79","volume":"5","author":"M Siwakoti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Siwakoti M, Siwakoti S: Ethnomedicianl uses of plants among limbu of Morang district, Nepal. Ecoprint. 1998, 5: 79-84.","journal-title":"Ecoprint"},{"issue":"1&2","key":"241_CR17","first-page":"45","volume":"27","author":"MJ Durrani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Durrani MJ, Malik AM, Hussain F: Folk medicinal plants of Nushki, District Chaghi, Pakistan. Jour Sci & Technol. 2003, 27 (1&2): 45-52.","journal-title":"Jour Sci & Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"241_CR18","first-page":"65","volume":"53","author":"H Sher","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sher H, Midrarullah AU, Khan HF, Ahmad S: Medicinal plants of Udigram, District Swat, Pakistan. Pak J Forest. 2003, 53 (1): 65-74.","journal-title":"Pak J Forest"},{"key":"241_CR19","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Ethnobotanical Studies on Orchids of Niyamgiri Hill Ranges, Orissa, India Ethnobotanical Leaflets","author":"PK Dash","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dash PK, Santilata Sahoo, Subhasisa Bal: Ethnobotanical Studies on Orchids of Niyamgiri Hill Ranges, Orissa, India Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2008, 12: 70-78."},{"issue":"1","key":"241_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"MA Tantray","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tantray MA, Tariq KA, Mir MM, Bhat MA, Shawl AS: Ethnomedicinal survey of shopian, Kashmir (J&K), India Ethnomedicinal survey of shopian, Kashmir (J&K), India. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines. 2009, 4 (1): 1-6.","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines"},{"key":"241_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.2307\/1931497","volume":"31","author":"JT Curtis","year":"1950","unstructured":"Curtis JT, Mc Intosh RP: The Interrelation of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological characters. Ecology. 1950, 31: 434-455. 10.2307\/1931497.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"241_CR22","first-page":"657","volume-title":"The Vegetation of Wisconsin","author":"JT Curtis","year":"1959","unstructured":"Curtis JT: The Vegetation of Wisconsin. 1959, An ordination of plant communities, University Wisconsin Press, Madison Wisconsin, 657-"},{"key":"241_CR23","volume-title":"Flora of the District Garhwal North West Himalaya with Ethnobotnaical notes","author":"RD Gaur","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gaur RD: Flora of the District Garhwal North West Himalaya with Ethnobotnaical notes. 1999, Tran media Publication, Srinagar Garhwal"},{"key":"241_CR24","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Plants inindigenous medicine and diet: biobehavioural approaches","author":"R Trotter","year":"1986","unstructured":"Trotter R, Logan M: Informant consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. Plants inindigenous medicine and diet: biobehavioural approaches. Edited by: Etkin NL. 1986, Bedfort hills, New York: Redgrave Publishers, 91-112."},{"key":"241_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-4-8","volume":"4","author":"S Ragupathy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ragupathy S, Steven NG, Maruthakkutti M, Velusamy B, Huda MMUl: Consensus of the 'Malasars' traditional aboriginal knowledge of medicinal plants in the Velliangiri holy hills, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2008, 4: 8-10.1186\/1746-4269-4-8.","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine"},{"key":"241_CR26","volume-title":"Plant diversity in Himalaya. Conservation and utilization. G. B. Pant memorial Lecture II G.B","author":"TN Khoshoo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Khoshoo TN: Plant diversity in Himalaya. Conservation and utilization. G. B. Pant memorial Lecture II G.B. 1992, Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Koshi-Katarmal, Almora, India"},{"key":"241_CR27","volume-title":"Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany","author":"SK Jain","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jain SK: Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany. 1991, Deep publications, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"241_CR28","first-page":"43","volume":"4","author":"Joshi Mukesh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mukesh Joshi, Munesh Kumar, Bussmann RW: Ethnomedicinal Uses of Plant Resources of the Haigad Watershed in Kumaun Himalaya. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology. 2010, 4 (1): 43-46.","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology"},{"key":"241_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(93)90009-T","volume":"38","author":"NR Farnsworth","year":"1993","unstructured":"Farnsworth NR: Ethnopharmacology and future drug development: The North American experience. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993, 38: 145-152. 10.1016\/0378-8741(93)90010-3.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"241_CR30","first-page":"1407","volume":"42","author":"Ajaib M Khan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Khan Ajaib M, Zaheer-ud-din Khan N, Wahab M: Ethnobotanical studies on useful shrubs of district Kotli, Zzad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2010, 42 (3): 1407-1415.","journal-title":"Pak J Bot"},{"key":"241_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.17348\/era.8.0.233-244","volume":"8","author":"PC Phondani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Phondani PC, Maikhuri RK, Rawat LS, Farooquee NA, Kala CP, Vishvakaram SCR, Rao KS, Saxena KG: Ethnobotanical useds of plants among the Bhotiya tribal communities of Niti valley in central Himalayan, India. Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 2010, 8: 233-244.","journal-title":"Ethnobotany Research & Applications"},{"key":"241_CR32","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Ethnobotany Research and Application","author":"CP Kala","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kala CP: Current status of Medicinal plants used by traditional Vaidys in Uttaranchal Sate of India. Ethnobotany Research and Application. 2005, 267-278."},{"key":"241_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-6-14","volume":"6","author":"Bhattarai Shandesh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shandesh Bhattarai, Chaudhary RP, Quave CL, Taylor RSL: The use of medicinal plants in the transhimalayan arid zone of Mustang district, Nepal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2010, 6: 14-10.1186\/1746-4269-6-14.","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"241_CR34","first-page":"44","volume":"3","author":"KP Acharya","year":"2005","unstructured":"Acharya KP, Rokaya MB: Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants traded in the streets of Kathmandu Valley. Scientific World. 2005, 3 (3): 44-48.","journal-title":"Scientific World"},{"key":"241_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-2-43","volume":"2","author":"C Muthu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Muthu C, Ayyanar M, Raja N, Ignacimuthu S: Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2006, 2: 43-10.1186\/1746-4269-2-43.","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"241_CR36","first-page":"351","volume":"15","author":"P Dobhal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dobhal P, Smriti Sawan, Sharma N: Studies on medicinal plants of tow villages of Chakrata Forest Division (Uttarakhand). Annals of Forestry. 2007, 15 (2): 351-357.","journal-title":"Annals of Forestry"},{"key":"241_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1818","volume":"18","author":"I Jacobsson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jacobsson I, J\u00f6nsson AK, Gred\u00e9n B, H\u00e4gg S: Spontaneously reported adverse reactions in association with complementary and alternative medicine substances in Sweden. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. 2009, 18: 1039-1047. 10.1002\/pds.1818.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety"},{"key":"241_CR38","volume-title":"Prairie medicinal and aromatic plants","author":"RJ Marles","year":"1996","unstructured":"Marles RJ: Prairie medicinal and aromatic plants. 1996, Conference- Olds, Alberta"},{"key":"241_CR39","volume-title":"New Scientist","author":"A Hamilton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamilton A: Medicinal plant extinction 'a quiet disaster'. New Scientist. 2009"},{"key":"241_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.2001.0881","volume":"54","author":"MA Ayad","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ayad MA: Case studies in the conservation of biodiversity degradation sand threats. Journal of Arid Environments. 2003, 54: 165-182. 10.1006\/jare.2001.0881.","journal-title":"Journal of Arid Environments"},{"key":"241_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501","volume":"403","author":"N Myers","year":"2000","unstructured":"Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, de Fonesca AB, Kent J: Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 2000, 403: 853-858. 10.1038\/35002501.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"241_CR42","first-page":"916","volume":"53","author":"N Myers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Myers N: Biodiversity hotspots revisited. Bio Science. 2003, 53: 916-917.","journal-title":"Bio Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"241_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1998.012003502.x","volume":"12","author":"DM Olson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Olson DM, Dinerstein E: The Global 200: A representations approach to conserving the Earth's most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conservation Biology. 1998, 12 (3): 502-515. 10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1998.012003502.x.","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"241_CR44","volume-title":"Eastern Arc mountains- a global ecoregion","author":"World Wildlife Fund","year":"2007","unstructured":"World Wildlife Fund: Eastern Arc mountains- a global ecoregion. 2007, (verified on June 26, 2009), [http:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/about_our_earth\/ecoregions\/easternarc_montane_forests.cfm]"},{"key":"241_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2002.00530.x","volume":"16","author":"TM Brooks","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brooks TM, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Rylands AB, Konstant WR, Flick P, Pilgrim J, Oldfield S, Magin G, Hilton-Taylor C: Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity. Conservation Biology. 2002, 16: 909-923. 10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2002.00530.x.","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"241_CR46","volume-title":"Biological Diversity: The coexistence of species on changing landscapes","author":"MA Huston","year":"1994","unstructured":"Huston MA: Biological Diversity: The coexistence of species on changing landscapes. 1994, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"241_CR47","volume-title":"World Forests for the Future: Their use and conservation","author":"DA Posey","year":"1993","unstructured":"Posey DA: Indigenous knowledge in the conservation and use of world forests. Pp. 59-77 in. World Forests for the Future: Their use and conservation. Edited by: Ramakrishna K, Woodwell GM. 1993, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT"},{"key":"241_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"005","DOI":"10.17348\/era.5.0.5-23","volume":"5","author":"AE Duchelle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duchelle AE: Observations on natural resource use and conservation by the Shuar in Ecuador's Cordillera del Condor. Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 2007, 5: 005-023.","journal-title":"Ethnobotany Research & Applications"},{"key":"241_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-2-33","volume":"2","author":"AL Sajem","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sajem AL, Gosai K: Traditional use of medicinal plants by the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar hills district of Assam, northeast India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2006, 2: 33-10.1186\/1746-4269-2-33.","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-4269-7-32.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1746-4269-7-32\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-4269-7-32.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T18:45:18Z","timestamp":1635360318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1746-4269-7-32"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-4269-7-32","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-4269"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-4269","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 December 2010","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"32"}}