{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:22:56Z","timestamp":1777364576599,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,27]],"date-time":"2012-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Over the past decade, there has been growing interest within ethnobiology in the knowledge and practices of migrating people. Within this, scholars have given relatively less attention to displaced people and refugees: to the loss, maintenance, and adaptation of refugees\u2019 ethnobiological knowledge, and to its significance for refugees\u2019 wellbeing. This study focuses on cosmetics and remedies used to heal skin afflictions that are traditionally used by Sahrawi refugees displaced in South Western Algerian refugee camps.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The research methods included a structured survey carried out with 37 refugee households, semi-structured interviews with 77 refugees, 24 retrospective interviews with refugees and other knowledgeable informants, and a voucher specimen collection of the plants and products cited.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We recorded the use of 55 plant species, nine animal species, and six mineral products used within the three main use categories discussed in this paper: 1) Remedies for health issues that are typical of the desert environment where the Sahrawi once lived as nomads and now live as refugees (e.g. eye afflictions); 2) Remedies for wounds that are influenced by the Sahrawi\u2019s recent history of guerrilla warfare; and 3) Cosmetics and products used for body care, decoration and perfuming (e.g. hair care, teeth cleansing, <jats:italic>henna<\/jats:italic> use) and for aromatizing the air inside of tents and which are widely used in everyday life and social practices.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We discuss the changes that have occurred in the patterns of use and procurement of these products with exile and sedentarization in refugee camps, and conclude that refugees are not simply passive recipients of national and international aid, but rather struggle to maintain and recover their traditional ethnobiological practices in exile. Finally, we suggest further research into the ethnobiological practices and knowledge of displaced populations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Resumen<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sanando las heridas de guerra y perfumando el exilio: el uso de productos vegetales, animales y minerales con fines de perfumer\u00eda, cosm\u00e9tica y curativos de la piel entre los refugiados saharauis del S\u00e1hara Occidental.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Antecedentes<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Durante la \u00faltima d\u00e9cada ha habido un creciente inter\u00e9s en los estudios etnobiol\u00f3gicos de los conocimientos y pr\u00e1cticas de las personas que migran. Dentro de esta tendencia, los estudiosos han prestado relativamente menor atenci\u00f3n a las personas desplazadas y a los refugiados: a la p\u00e9rdida, el mantenimiento y la adaptaci\u00f3n de sus conocimientos etnobiol\u00f3gicos, y su importancia para el bienestar de los refugiados. Este estudio se centra en los cosm\u00e9ticos y remedios para curar problemas de la piel tradicionalmente utilizados por los refugiados saharauis en los campamentos de desplazados al sudoeste de Argelia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>M\u00e9todos<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Los m\u00e9todos de investigaci\u00f3n que se utilizaron son: una encuesta estructurada con 37 familias de refugiados, entrevistas semi-estructuradas con 77 refugiados, 24 entrevistas retrospectivas con refugiados e informantes conocedores, y una colecci\u00f3n de muestra de las plantas y productos citados.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Resultados<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Se registr\u00f3 el uso de 55 especies vegetales, nueve especies animales, y seis productos minerales utilizados en tres principales categor\u00edas de usos: 1) Recursos contra los problemas de salud caracter\u00edsticos del entorno des\u00e9rtico donde una vez vivieron los saharauis como n\u00f3madas y donde ahora viven como refugiados (por ejemplo problemas en los ojos); 2) Remedios para heridas que reflejan la historia reciente de guerra de guerrilla de los n\u00f3madas saharauis; y 3) Cosm\u00e9ticos y productos utilizados para el cuidado del cuerpo, decoraci\u00f3n y perfumes (por ejemplo, atenci\u00f3n al cabello, limpieza de dientes, uso del <jats:italic>henna<\/jats:italic>) y como aromatizantes del aire al interior de las tiendas, que son ampliamente utilizados en la vida y las pr\u00e1cticas sociales cotidianas de los refugiados.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusiones<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>En la discusi\u00f3n, se analizan los cambios que se han producido en los patrones de uso y en la adquisici\u00f3n de estos productos durante el exilio. Llegamos a la conclusi\u00f3n de que los refugiados no son recipientes pasivos de la ayuda nacional e internacional, sino m\u00e1s bien luchan para mantener y recuperar sus pr\u00e1cticas tradicionales etnobiol\u00f3gicas en el exilio. Finalmente, sugerimos nuevas direcciones para la investigaci\u00f3n de las pr\u00e1cticas y los conocimientos etnobiol\u00f3gicos de las poblaciones desplazadas.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-8-49","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,27]],"date-time":"2012-12-27T11:14:31Z","timestamp":1356606871000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Healing war wounds and perfuming exile: the use of vegetal, animal, and mineral products for perfumes, cosmetics, and skin healing among Sahrawi refugees of Western Sahara"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Volpato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavl\u00edna","family":"Kourkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00e1clav","family":"Zelen\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"309_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-5-16","volume":"5","author":"G Volpato","year":"2009","unstructured":"Volpato G, God\u00ednez D, Beyra A, Barreto A: Uses of medicinal plants by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camag\u00fcey, Cuba. J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2009, 5: 16-10.1186\/1746-4269-5-16.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine"},{"key":"309_CR2","volume-title":"Travelling Cultures and Plants. The Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacy of Migrations","year":"2007","unstructured":"Travelling Cultures and Plants. The Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacy of Migrations. Edited by: Pieroni A, Vandebroek I. 2007, Oxford: Berghahn"},{"key":"309_CR3","first-page":"1","volume-title":"J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med","author":"P Muniz De Medeiros","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muniz De Medeiros P, Taboada Soldati G, Leal Alencar N, Vandebroek I, Pieroni A, Hanazaki N, Albuquerque UP: The use of medicinal plants by migrant people: Adaptation, maintenance, and replacement. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2012, 1-11."},{"key":"309_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.05.018","volume":"102","author":"A Pieroni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pieroni A, Muenz H, Akbulut M, H\u00fcsn\u00fc Can Ba\u015fer K, Durmu\u015fkahya C: Traditional phytotherapy and trans-cultural pharmacy among Turkish migrants living in Cologne, Germany. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 102: 69-88. 10.1016\/j.jep.2005.05.018.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"309_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-008-9211-4","volume":"37","author":"G Volpato","year":"2009","unstructured":"Volpato G, God\u00ednez D, Beyra A: Migration and ethnobotanical practices: The case of tifey among Haitian immigrants in Cuba. Human Ecol. 2009, 37: 43-53. 10.1007\/s10745-008-9211-4.","journal-title":"Human Ecol"},{"key":"309_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1663\/0013-0001(2003)057[0365:HGBDIA]2.0.CO;2","volume":"57","author":"JL Corlett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Corlett JL, Dean EA, Grivetti LE: Hmong gardens: Botanical diversity in an urban setting. Econ Bot . 2003, 57: 365-379. 10.1663\/0013-0001(2003)057[0365:HGBDIA]2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"Econ Bot"},{"key":"309_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/17451590902978855","volume":"5","author":"MS Khan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khan MS, Mukul SA, Uddin MS, Kibria MG, Sultana F: The use of medicinal plants in healthcare practices by Rohingya refugees in a degraded forest and conservation area of Bangladesh. Int J Biodiversity Sci Manage. 2009, 5: 76-82. 10.1080\/17451590902978855.","journal-title":"Int J Biodiversity Sci Manage"},{"key":"309_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1076\/phbi.39.2.132.6251","volume":"39","author":"DC Ramathal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ramathal DC, Ngassapa OD: Medicinal plants used by Rwandese traditional healers in refugee camps in Tanzania. Pharm Biol. 2001, 39: 132-137. 10.1076\/phbi.39.2.132.6251.","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"309_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/18.1.76","volume":"18","author":"G Bodeker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bodeker G, Neumann C, Lall P, Min Oo Z: Traditional medicine use and healthworker training in a refugee setting at the Thai\u2013Burma border. J Refug Stud. 2005, 18: 76-99. 10.1093\/jrs\/18.1.76.","journal-title":"J Refug Stud"},{"key":"309_CR10","first-page":"245","volume-title":"Traveling Cultures and Plants: the Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacy of Migrations","author":"G Volpato","year":"2007","unstructured":"Volpato G, Ahmadi Emhamed A, Lamin Saleh SM, Broglia A, Di Lello S: Procurement of traditional remedies and transmission of medicinal knowledge among Sahrawi people displaced in south-western Algeria refugee camps. Traveling Cultures and Plants: the Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacy of Migrations. Edited by: Pieroni A, Vandebroek I. 2007, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 245-269."},{"key":"309_CR11","volume-title":"Plantas Medicinales Saharaui. 2010","author":"G Volpato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Volpato G: Plantas Medicinales Saharaui. 2010. 2008, Milano: ONLUS Africa 70, Arabic version"},{"key":"309_CR12","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Deterritorialized Youth Sahrawi and Afghan refugees at the margins of the Middle East","author":"N Cozza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cozza N: Food and identity among Sahrawi refugee young people. Deterritorialized Youth Sahrawi and Afghan refugees at the margins of the Middle East. Edited by: Chatty D. 2010, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 119-141."},{"key":"309_CR13","volume-title":"Sahara Occidental. Plantas y Usos. Usos y costumbres del pueblo saharaui relacionados con los recursos vegetales. Estudio etnobot\u00e1nico del Sahara Occidental","author":"I Barrera","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barrera I, Ron ME, Pajaron S, Sidi Mustapha R: Sahara Occidental. Plantas y Usos. Usos y costumbres del pueblo saharaui relacionados con los recursos vegetales. Estudio etnobot\u00e1nico del Sahara Occidental. 2007, Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Ministerio de Cultura de la Rep\u00fablica \u00c1rabe Saharaui Democr\u00e1tica"},{"key":"309_CR14","first-page":"357","volume":"8","author":"A Guinea","year":"1948","unstructured":"Guinea A: Cat\u00e1logo razonado de las plantas del Sahara espa\u00f1ol. Anales del Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico de Madrid. 1948, 8: 357-442.","journal-title":"Anales del Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico de Madrid"},{"key":"309_CR15","volume-title":"Estudios Saharianos","author":"J Caro Baroja","year":"1955","unstructured":"Caro Baroja J: Estudios Saharianos. 1955, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas"},{"key":"309_CR16","first-page":"57","volume":"19","author":"A Gaudio","year":"1952","unstructured":"Gaudio A: Apuntes para un estudio sobre los aspectos etnologicos del Sahara Occidental. - Su constitucion basica. Cuadernos de Estudios Africanos. 1952, 19: 57-65.","journal-title":"Cuadernos de Estudios Africanos"},{"key":"309_CR17","volume-title":"Scents of Time: Perfume from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century","author":"EL Morris","year":"1999","unstructured":"Morris EL: Scents of Time: Perfume from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century. 1999, New York: Prestel"},{"key":"309_CR18","volume-title":"Sacred luxuries: Fragrance, Aromatherapy and Cosmetics in Ancient Egypt","author":"L Manniche","year":"1999","unstructured":"Manniche L, Forman W: Sacred luxuries: Fragrance, Aromatherapy and Cosmetics in Ancient Egypt. 1999, London: Opus Publishing"},{"key":"309_CR19","volume-title":"Essence and Alchemy: A Book of Perfume","author":"M Aftel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aftel M: Essence and Alchemy: A Book of Perfume. 2002, London: North Point Press"},{"key":"309_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.01.015","volume":"91","author":"A Pieroni","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pieroni A, Quave C, Villanelli M, Mangino P, Sabbatini G, Santini L, Boccetti T, Profili M, Ciccioli T, Rampa L, et al: Ethnopharmacognostic survey on the natural ingredients used in folk cosmetics, cosmeceuticals and remedies for healing skin diseases in the inland Marches, Central-Eastern Italy. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 91: 331-344. 10.1016\/j.jep.2004.01.015.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"309_CR21","volume-title":"An Ethnography of Fragrance","author":"D Jung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jung D: An Ethnography of Fragrance. 2010, BRILL: The Perfumery Arts of \u2018Adan\/La\u1e25j"},{"key":"309_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(86)90087-5","volume":"16","author":"F Tammaro","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tammaro F, Xepapadakis G: Plants used in phyotherapy, cosmetics and dyeing in the Pramanda district (Epirus, North-West Greece). J Ethnopharmacol. 1986, 16: 167-174. 10.1016\/0378-8741(86)90087-5.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"309_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.11.033","volume":"106","author":"A Saikia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saikia A, Ryakala V, Sharma P, Goswarni P, Bora U: Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by Assamese people for various skin ailments and cosmetics. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 106: 149-157. 10.1016\/j.jep.2005.11.033.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"309_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-7-43","volume":"7","author":"PO Staub","year":"2011","unstructured":"Staub PO, Geck MS, Weckerle CS: Incense and ritual plant use in Southwest China: a case study among the Bai in Shaxi. J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2011, 7: 43-10.1186\/1746-4269-7-43.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine"},{"key":"309_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1363","volume":"17","author":"T Aburjai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aburjai T, Natsheh F: Plants used in cosmetics. Phytother Res. 2003, 17: 987-1000. 10.1002\/ptr.1363.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"309_CR26","volume-title":"Les Rgaybat (1610\u20131934). 1: Des chameliers \u00e0 la conquete d\u2019un territoire","author":"S Caratini","year":"1989","unstructured":"Caratini S: Les Rgaybat (1610\u20131934). 1: Des chameliers \u00e0 la conquete d\u2019un territoire. 1989, Paris: L\u2019Harmattan"},{"key":"309_CR27","volume-title":"Les Rgaybat (1610\u20131934). 2: Territoire et soci\u00e9t\u00e9","author":"S Caratini","year":"1989","unstructured":"Caratini S: Les Rgaybat (1610\u20131934). 2: Territoire et soci\u00e9t\u00e9. 1989, Paris: L\u2019Harmattan"},{"key":"309_CR28","volume-title":"Western Sahara: The Refugee Nation","author":"P San Martin","year":"2010","unstructured":"San Martin P: Western Sahara: The Refugee Nation. 2010, Cardiff: University of Wales Press"},{"key":"309_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61010-0","volume":"365","author":"S Loewenberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Loewenberg S: Displacement is permanent for the Sahrawi refugees. Lancet. 2005, 365: 1295-1296. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61010-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"309_CR30","first-page":"59","volume":"25","author":"G Crivello","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crivello G, Fiddian E, Chatty D: Holidays in peace: Sahrawi children visit Spain. FMR. 2006, 25: 59-60.","journal-title":"FMR"},{"key":"309_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/03056240108704536","volume":"28","author":"M Bathia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bathia M: The Western Sahara under Polisario control. Review of African Political Economy. 2001, 28: 291-301. 10.1080\/03056240108704536.","journal-title":"Review of African Political Economy"},{"key":"309_CR32","first-page":"105","volume":"102","author":"A Broglia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Broglia A, Volpato G: Pastoralism and displacement: strategies and limitations in livestock raising by Sahrawi refugees after thirty years of exile. J Agri Envi Int Dev. 2008, 102: 105-122.","journal-title":"J Agri Envi Int Dev"},{"key":"309_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2496-0","volume-title":"Ethnobotany","author":"GJ Martin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Martin GJ: Ethnobotany. 1995, London: Chapman & Hall"},{"key":"309_CR34","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology","author":"SC Weller","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weller SC: Structured interviewing and questionnaire construction. Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Edited by: Bernard HR. 1998, Walnut Creek, CA, USA: Altamira Press, 365-409."},{"key":"309_CR35","volume-title":"Applied ethnobotany. People, wild plant use and conservation","author":"AB Cunningham","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cunningham AB: Applied ethnobotany. People, wild plant use and conservation. 2001, London: Earthscan Publications Ltd"},{"key":"309_CR36","volume-title":"Aromatick\u00e9 rostliny u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 etnikem Sahrawi (Al\u017e\u00edrsko) a jejich mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed v okrasn\u00e9m zahradnictv\u00ed","author":"P Kourkov\u00e1","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kourkov\u00e1 P: Aromatick\u00e9 rostliny u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 etnikem Sahrawi (Al\u017e\u00edrsko) a jejich mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed v okrasn\u00e9m zahradnictv\u00ed. 2008, Prague: Cesk\u00e1 zemedelsk\u00e1 univerzita v Praze, Fakulta agrobiologie, potravinov\u00fdch a pr\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroju"},{"key":"309_CR37","unstructured":"Code of ethics of the American Anthropological Association. http:\/\/www.aaanet.org\/issues\/policy-advocacy\/Code-of-Ethics.cfm,"},{"key":"309_CR38","volume-title":"ISE Code of Ethics (with 2008 additions)","author":"International Society of Ethnobiology","year":"2006","unstructured":"International Society of Ethnobiology: ISE Code of Ethics (with 2008 additions). 2006, http:\/\/ethnobiology.net\/code-of-ethics\/,"},{"key":"309_CR39","volume-title":"Researching refugees: Some methodological and ethical considerations in social science and forced migration","author":"K Jacobsen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jacobsen K, Landau L: Researching refugees: Some methodological and ethical considerations in social science and forced migration. 2003, Geneva: UNHCR"},{"key":"309_CR40","volume-title":"Medicinal plants of North Africa","author":"L Boulos","year":"1983","unstructured":"Boulos L: Medicinal plants of North Africa. 1983, Algonac, Michigan: Reference Publications"},{"key":"309_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"J Lebrun","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lebrun J: Catalogue des plantes vasculaires de la Mauritanie et du Sahara Occidental. Boissiera. 1998, 55: 1-322.","journal-title":"Boissiera"},{"key":"309_CR42","volume-title":"Flore et V\u00e9g\u00e9tation du Sahara","author":"P Ozenda","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ozenda P: Flore et V\u00e9g\u00e9tation du Sahara. 1991, Paris: CNRS \u00c9ditions, 3","edition":"3"},{"key":"309_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1663\/0013-0001(2007)61[376:WWITFA]2.0.CO;2","volume":"61","author":"E Thomas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomas E, Vandebroek I, Van Damme P: What works in the field? a comparison of different interviewing methods in ethnobotany with special reference to the use of photographs. Econ Bot. 2008, 61: 376-384.","journal-title":"Econ Bot"},{"key":"309_CR44","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics Drug versus Cosmetics","author":"AM Kilgman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kilgman AM: Cosmeceuticals: A broad-spectrum category between cosmetics and drugs. Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics Drug versus Cosmetics. Edited by: Elsner P, Maibach HI. 2005, Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis, 1-9."},{"key":"309_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00202-0","volume":"64","author":"F Urbach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Urbach F: The historical aspects of sunscreens. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 2001, 64: 99-104. 10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00202-0.","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol"},{"key":"309_CR46","volume-title":"An historical narrative of the shipwreck and captivity of Mr de Brisson, an officer belonging to the Administration of the French Colonies. With a description of the deserts of Africa, from Senegal to Morocco","author":"PR Brisson","year":"1789","unstructured":"Brisson PR: An historical narrative of the shipwreck and captivity of Mr de Brisson, an officer belonging to the Administration of the French Colonies. With a description of the deserts of Africa, from Senegal to Morocco. 1789, Perth and Edinburgh: R. Morison and Son, Perth; and G. Mudie, Edinburgh, Translated from the French"},{"key":"309_CR47","first-page":"213","volume":"32","author":"MC Alfayate","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alfayate MC, Barrera I, Ron E, Garc\u00eda Jim\u00e9nez R, Pajar\u00f3n S, P\u00e9rez-Alonso MJ: La mixocarpia de Salvia aegyptiaca L. y su aplicaci\u00f3n etnobot\u00e1nica. Botanica Complutensis. 2008, 32: 213-216.","journal-title":"Botanica Complutensis"},{"key":"309_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1080\/00206811003679661","volume":"52","author":"E Lev","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lev E: Healing with minerals and inorganic substances: a review of Levantine practice from the Middle Ages to the present. Int Geol Rev. 2010, 52: 700-725. 10.1080\/00206811003679661.","journal-title":"Int Geol Rev"},{"key":"309_CR49","volume-title":"La pharmacop\u00e9e marocaine traditionnelle","author":"J Bellakhdar","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bellakhdar J: La pharmacop\u00e9e marocaine traditionnelle. 1997, Paris: Ibis Press"},{"key":"309_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00156-6","volume":"60","author":"AD Hardy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hardy AD, Vaishnav R, Al-Kharusi SSZ, Sutherland HH, Worthing MA: Composition of eye cosmetics (kohls) used in Oman. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998, 60: 223-234. 10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00156-6.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"309_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00801-4","volume":"280","author":"N Lekouch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lekouch N, Sedki A, Nejmeddine A, Gamon S: Lead and traditional Moroccan pharmacopoeia. Sci Total Environ. 2001, 280: 39-43. 10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00801-4.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"309_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00138-4","volume":"60","author":"MJ Hutt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hutt MJ, Houghton PJ: A survey from the literature of plants used to treat scorpion stings. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998, 60: 97-110. 10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00138-4.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"309_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(93)90047-9","volume":"39","author":"PJ Houghton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Houghton PJ, Osibogun M: Flowering plants used against snakebite. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993, 39: 1-29. 10.1016\/0378-8741(93)90047-9.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"309_CR54","first-page":"267","volume":"23","author":"A Leriche","year":"1953","unstructured":"Leriche A: Phytoth\u00e9rapie maure. De quelques plantes et produits vegetaux utilis\u00e9es en th\u00e9rapeutique. M\u00e9moires de l\u2019Iinstitut Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019Afrique Noire. 1953, 23: 267-306.","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires de l\u2019Iinstitut Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019Afrique Noire"},{"key":"309_CR55","volume-title":"Essai sur le chameau au Sahrara Occidental","author":"V Monteil","year":"1952","unstructured":"Monteil V: Essai sur le chameau au Sahrara Occidental. 1952, Saint-Louis du Senegal: Centre IFAN - Mauritanie"},{"key":"309_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02858927","volume":"42","author":"EA Widjaja","year":"1988","unstructured":"Widjaja EA: Ethnobotany of the funeral ceremony of the Torajanese. Econ Bot. 1988, 42: 250-254. 10.1007\/BF02858927.","journal-title":"Econ Bot"},{"key":"309_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2307\/3317964","volume":"72","author":"S Rasmussen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rasmussen S: Making Better \u201cScents\u201d in Anthropology: Aroma in Tuareg Sociocultural Systems and the Shaping of Ethnography. Anthropol Quarterly. 1999, 72: 55-73. 10.2307\/3317964.","journal-title":"Anthropol Quarterly"},{"key":"309_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(91)90064-K","volume":"35","author":"J Bellakhdar","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bellakhdar J, Claisse R, Fleurentin J, Younos C: Repertory of standard herbal drugs in the Moroccan pharmacopoeia. J Ethnopharmacol. 1991, 35: 123-143. 10.1016\/0378-8741(91)90064-K.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"309_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1639\/0007-2745(2001)104[0345:EUOLIY]2.0.CO;2","volume":"104","author":"L Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang L, Narui T, Harada H, Culberson CF, Culberson WL: Ethnic uses of lichens in Yunnan, China. The Bryologist. 2001, 104: 345-349.","journal-title":"The Bryologist"},{"key":"309_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02862281","volume":"49","author":"MR Gonzalez-Tejero","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Tejero MR, Martinez-Lirola MJ, Casares-Porcel M, Morelo-Mesa J: Three lichens used in popular medicine in Eastern Andalucia (Spain). Econ Bot. 1995, 49: 96-98. 10.1007\/BF02862281.","journal-title":"Econ Bot"},{"key":"309_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1663\/0013-0001(2005)059[0269:CAEUOL]2.0.CO;2","volume":"59","author":"DK Upreti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Upreti DK, Divakar PK, Nayaka S: Commercial and ethnic use of lichens in India. Econ Bot. 2005, 59: 269-273. 10.1663\/0013-0001(2005)059[0269:CAEUOL]2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"Econ Bot"},{"key":"309_CR62","volume-title":"Sahara. Bijoux et techniques","author":"J Gabus","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gabus J: Sahara. Bijoux et techniques. 1982, Neuchatel: A la Baconi\u00e9re"},{"key":"309_CR63","volume-title":"Fleurs du Sahara. Voyage ethnobotanique avec les Touaregs du Tassili","author":"AC Benchelah","year":"2000","unstructured":"Benchelah AC, Bouziane H, Maka M, Ouahes C: Fleurs du Sahara. Voyage ethnobotanique avec les Touaregs du Tassili. 2000, Paris: Ibis Press-Atlantica"},{"key":"309_CR64","unstructured":"Sandalwood. http:\/\/www.kew.org\/plant-cultures\/plants\/sandalwood_landing.html,"},{"key":"309_CR65","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Natural products II, Recent progress in medicinal plants","author":"AN Assimopoulou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Assimopoulou AN, Papageordiou VP: Oleoresins from Pistacia species: chemistry and biology. Natural products II, Recent progress in medicinal plants. Edited by: Govil JN, Singh VK. 2007, Houston, TX: Studiu, 145-202."}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-4269-8-49.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1746-4269-8-49\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-4269-8-49.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T23:02:58Z","timestamp":1635375778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1746-4269-8-49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-4269-8-49","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-4269"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-4269","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"49"}}