{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T05:30:35Z","timestamp":1777181435626,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Respiratory diseases account for significant economic losses to the UK pig industry. Lesions indicative of respiratory disease in pig lungs at slaughter e.g. pneumonia and pleuritis are frequently recorded to assess herd health or provide data for epidemiological studies. The BPEX Pig Health Scheme (BPHS) is a monitoring system, which informs producers of gross lesions in their pigs' carcasses at slaughter, enabling farm-level decisions to be made. The aim of the study was to assess whether information provided by the BPHS regarding respiratory lesions was associated with respiratory pathogens in the farm, farm management practices and each other.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>BPHS reports were obtained from a subset of 70 pig farms involved in a cross-sectional study conducted in 2008-09 investigating the epidemiology of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome. The reports were combined with data regarding the presence\/absence of several pathogens in the herd and potential farm-level risk factors for respiratory disease. Principal component analysis (PCA) performed on BPHS reports generated three principal components, explaining 71% of the total variance. Enzootic pneumonia score, severe pleurisy and acute pleuropneumonia had the highest loadings for the principal component which explained the largest percentage of the total variance (35%) (BPHS component 1), it was thought that this component identifies farms with acute disease. Using the factor loadings a score for each farm for BPHS component 1 was obtained. As farms' score for BPHS component 1 increased, average carcass weight at slaughter decreased. In addition, farms positive for H1N2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory disease virus (PRRSV) were more likely to have higher levels of severe and mild pleurisy reported by the BPHS, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study found statistical associations between levels of pleurisy recorded by BPHS at slaughter and the presence H1N2 and PRRSV in the herd. There is also some evidence that farms which submit pigs with these lesions may have reduced productivity. However, more research is needed to fully validate the scheme.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-82","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,30]],"date-time":"2011-12-30T19:28:06Z","timestamp":1325273286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["BPEX Pig Health Scheme: a useful monitoring system for respiratory disease control in pig farms?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Hannah R","family":"Holt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Alarcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Velasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk U","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Wieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"320_CR1","first-page":"913","volume-title":"Diseases of Swine","author":"G Christensen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Christensen G, Mousing J, Sorenson V: Diseases of the Respiratory System. Diseases of Swine. eighth edition. Edited by: Leman AD, Straw BE, Mengeling WL, D'Allaire S, Taylor DJ. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1999, 913-940.","edition":"eighth"},{"issue":"4","key":"320_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(90)90074-R","volume":"9","author":"BE Straw","year":"1990","unstructured":"Straw BE, Shin SJ, Yeager AE: Effect of pneumonia on growth rate and feed efficiency of minimal disease pigs exposed to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Prev Vet Med. 1990, 9 (4): 287-294. 10.1016\/0167-5877(90)90074-R.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"320_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00254-0","volume":"17","author":"D Maes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Maes D, Deluyker H, Verdonck M, Castryck F, Miry C, Vrijens B, Verbeke W, Viaene J, de Kruif A: Effect of vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig herds with an all-in\/all-out production system. Vaccine. 1999, 17 (9-10): 1024-1034. 10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00254-0.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"320_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.2.41","volume":"148","author":"DG Maes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maes DG, Deluyker H, Verdonck M, de Kruif A, Ducatelle R, Castryck F, Miry C, Vrijens B: Non-infectious factors associated with macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions in slaughter pigs from farrow-to-finish herds. Vet Rec. 2001, 148 (2): 41-46. 10.1136\/vr.148.2.41.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"1","key":"320_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03546997","volume":"32","author":"BM Lium","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lium BM, Falk K: An abattoir survey of pneumonia and pleuritis in slaughter weight swine from 9 selected herds. I. Prevalence and morphological description of gross lung lesions. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 1991, 32 (1): 55-65.","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica"},{"key":"320_CR6","unstructured":"HJ Jaeger TM, Pearce GP, Tucker AW, Wood JLN, Done S, Strugnell B, Williamson S, Woodger N, Burling J, Habernoll H, Dewhirst J: Pleurisy in Pigs: Associated risk factors and impact on health, welfare and performance 2005-2008. [http:\/\/www.bpex.org.uk\/KTRandD\/ResearchAndDevelopment\/Pleurisy.aspx]"},{"issue":"1","key":"320_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.05.005","volume":"174","author":"J Mart\u00ednez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez J, Jaro PJ, Aduriz G, G\u00f3mez EA, Peris B, Corpa JM: Carcass condemnation causes of growth retarded pigs at slaughter. The Veterinary Journal. 2007, 174 (1): 160-164. 10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.05.005.","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"320_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(02)00029-6","volume":"54","author":"C En\u00f8e","year":"2002","unstructured":"En\u00f8e C, Mousing J, Schirmer AL, Willeberg P: Infectious and rearing-system related risk factors for chronic pleuritis in slaughter pigs. Prev Vet Med. 2002, 54 (4): 337-349. 10.1016\/S0167-5877(02)00029-6.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"320_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.029","volume":"184","author":"L Fraile","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fraile L, Alegre A, L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez R, Nofrar\u00edas M, Segal\u00e9s J: Risk factors associated with pleuritis and cranio-ventral pulmonary consolidation in slaughter-aged pigs. The Veterinary Journal. 2010, 184 (3): 326-333. 10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.029.","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"320_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1998.36043","volume":"46","author":"KDC St\u00e4rk","year":"1998","unstructured":"St\u00e4rk KDC, Pfeiffer DU, Morris RS: Risk factors for respiratory diseases in New Zealand pig herds. New Zeal Vet J. 1998, 46: 3-10. 10.1080\/00480169.1998.36043.","journal-title":"New Zeal Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"320_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.12.027","volume":"187","author":"T Meyns","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meyns T, Steelant Jv, Rolly E, Dewulf J, Haesebrouck F, Maes D: A cross-sectional study of risk factors associated with pulmonary lesions in pigs at slaughter. Veterinary Journal. 2011, 187 (3): 388-392. 10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.12.027.","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"320_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(02)00089-2","volume":"55","author":"A Cleveland-Nielsen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cleveland-Nielsen A, Nielsen EO, Ersb\u00f8ll AK: Chronic pleuritis in Danish slaughter pig herds. Prev Vet Med. 2002, 55 (2): 121-135. 10.1016\/S0167-5877(02)00089-2.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"320_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Vazquez MJ, Strachan WD, Armstrong D, Nielen M, Gunn GJ: The British pig health schemes: integrated systems for large-scale pig abattoir lesion monitoring. Vet Rec. 2011, 169 (413):","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d4814"},{"key":"320_CR14","unstructured":"BPHS Scoring. [http:\/\/www.bpex.org.uk\/2TS\/health\/Bphs\/default.aspx]"},{"issue":"16","key":"320_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.165.16.461","volume":"165","author":"KDC St\u00e4rk","year":"2009","unstructured":"St\u00e4rk KDC, Nevel A: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the pig health monitoring systems used in England. Vet Rec. 2009, 165 (16): 461-465. 10.1136\/vr.165.16.461.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"1","key":"320_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.09.022","volume":"98","author":"P Alarcon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alarcon P, Velasova M, Werling D, St\u00e4rk KDC, Chang Y-M, Nevel A, Pfeiffer DU, Wieland B: Assessment and quantification of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome severity at farm level. Prev Vet Med. 2011, 98 (1): 19-28. 10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.09.022.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"320_CR17","first-page":"20","volume":"63","author":"B Wieland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wieland B, Alarcon P, Velasova M, Nevel A, Towrie H, Pfeiffer DU, Wathes C, Werling D: Prevalence of endemic pig diseases in England: an overview six months into a large-scale cross-sectional study on Post-Weaning Multi-systemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS). Pig J. 2010, 63: 20-23.","journal-title":"Pig J"},{"issue":"1","key":"320_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.1999.0421","volume":"159","author":"KDC St\u00e4rk","year":"2000","unstructured":"St\u00e4rk KDC: Epidemiological Investigation of the Influence of Environmental Risk Factors on Respiratory Diseases in Swine--A Literature Review. The Veterinary Journal. 2000, 159 (1): 37-56. 10.1053\/tvjl.1999.0421.","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"17","key":"320_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c5106","volume":"167","author":"C O'Neill","year":"2010","unstructured":"O'Neill C, Jones SCP, Boss\u00e9 JT, Watson CM, Williamson SM, Rycroft AN, Kroll JS, Hartley HM, Langford PR: Prevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars in England and Wales. Vet Rec. 2010, 167 (17): 661-662. 10.1136\/vr.c5106.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"320_CR20","volume-title":"PLoS Curr: Influenza","author":"A Mastin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mastin A, Alarcon P, Pfeiffer D, Wood J, Williamson S, Brown I, COSI Consortium, Wieland B: Prevalence and risk factors for swine influenza virus infection in the English pig population. PLoS Curr: Influenza. 2011, 17:"},{"issue":"3","key":"320_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2007.B0162","volume":"8","author":"Z-z Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang Z-z, Habib M, Shuai J-b, Fang W-h: Detection of PCV2 DNA by SYBR Green I-based quantitative PCR. Journal of Zhejiang University - Science B. 2007, 8 (3): 162-169. 10.1631\/jzus.2007.B0162.","journal-title":"Journal of Zhejiang University - Science B"},{"key":"320_CR22","volume-title":"Chapter 288: Swine Influenza","author":"OIE Standards Commission","year":"2010","unstructured":"OIE Standards Commission: Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines. Chapter 288: Swine Influenza. Paris, France: Office International des E' pizooties 2010."},{"issue":"4","key":"320_CR23","first-page":"292","volume":"61","author":"WB Chung","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chung WB, Lin MW, Chang W, Hsu M, Yang PC: Persistence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in intensive farrow-to-finish pig herds. Can J Vet Res. 1997, 61 (4): 292-298.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"320_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879200400308","volume":"4","author":"R Frank","year":"1992","unstructured":"Frank R, Chengappa M, Oberst R, Hennessy K, Henry S, Fenwick B: Pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 in growing and finishing pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1992, 4 (3): 270-278. 10.1177\/104063879200400308.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"49-50","key":"320_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.07.004","volume":"24","author":"T Meyns","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meyns T, Dewulf J, de Kruif A, Calus D, Haesebrouck F, Maes D: Comparison of transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations. Vaccine. 2006, 24 (49-50): 7081-7086. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.07.004.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"320_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.04.024","volume":"188","author":"I Villarreal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Villarreal I, Meyns T, Dewulf J, Vranckx K, Calus D, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Maes D: The effect of vaccination on the transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs under field conditions. The Veterinary Journal. 2011, 188 (1): 48-52. 10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.04.024.","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"320_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.06.007","volume":"88","author":"P Jirawattanapong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jirawattanapong P, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, van Leengoed L, Wisselink H, Raymakers R, Cruijsen T, van der Peet-Schwering C, Nielen M, van Nes A: Pleuritis in slaughter pigs: Relations between lung lesions and bacteriology in 10 herds with high pleuritis. Res Vet Sci. 2010, 88 (1): 11-15. 10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.06.007.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-6148-7-82.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T18:20:13Z","timestamp":1630520413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1746-6148-7-82"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-7-82","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"82"}}