{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:41:11Z","timestamp":1791085271713,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Melanocytic proliferations are common in horses but the diagnosis of malignancy is not always straightforward. To improve diagnosis and prognosis, markers of malignancy are needed. Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) protein may be such a marker. RACK1 was originally found to characterize malignant melanocytic lesions in the Melanoblastoma-bearing Libechov minipig (MeLiM) and, later, in human patients. Our purpose was to investigate the value of RACK1 in the classification of cutaneous melanocytic proliferations in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using immunofluorescence, we report here that both MITF (Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) and PAX3 (Paired box 3) allow the identification of melanocytic cells in horse skin samples. Importantly, RACK1 was detected in melanocytic lesions but not in healthy skin melanocytes. Finally, we found that RACK1 labeling can be used in horses to distinguish benign melanocytic tumors from melanomas. Indeed, RACK1 labeling appeared more informative to assess malignancy than individual histomorphological features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study confirms that horses provide an interesting model for melanoma genesis studies. It establishes MITF and PAX3 as markers of horse melanocytic cells. RACK1 emerges as an important marker of malignancy which may contribute to progress in the diagnosis of melanomas in both human and veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-95","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]],"date-time":"2012-06-29T06:14:41Z","timestamp":1340950481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["RACK1, a clue to the diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas in horses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Campagne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Jul\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Bernex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Aubin-Houzelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Panthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Egidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"533_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb01264.x","volume":"16","author":"KC MacGillivray","year":"2002","unstructured":"MacGillivray KC, Sweeney RW, Del Piero F: Metastatic melanoma in horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2002, 16: 452-456. 10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb01264.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"533_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.39-6-651","volume":"39","author":"SH Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith SH, Goldschmidt MH, McManus PM: A comparative review of melanocytic neoplasms. Vet Pathol. 2002, 39: 651-678. 10.1354\/vp.39-6-651.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"533_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2010.00778.x","volume":"23","author":"SM Broekaert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Broekaert SM, Roy R, Okamoto I, van den Oord J, Bauer J, Garbe C, Barnhill RL, Busam KJ, Cochran AJ, Cook MG, et al: Genetic and morphologic features for melanoma classification. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2010, 23: 763-770. 10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2010.00778.x.","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"533_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050120","volume":"5","author":"A Viros","year":"2008","unstructured":"Viros A, Fridlyand J, Bauer J, Lasithiotakis K, Garbe C, Pinkel D, Bastian BC: Improving melanoma classification by integrating genetic and morphologic features. PLoS Med. 2008, 5: e120-10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050120.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"533_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-21","volume":"7","author":"LS Andersson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Andersson LS, Axelsson J, Dubielzig RR, Lindgren G, Ekesten B: Multiple congenital ocular anomalies in Icelandic horses. BMC Vet Res. 2011, 7: 21-10.1186\/1746-6148-7-21.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"533_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2010.02116.x","volume":"41","author":"RR Bellone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bellone RR: Pleiotropic effects of pigmentation genes in horses. Anim Genet. 2010, 41 (Suppl 2): 100-110.","journal-title":"Anim Genet"},{"key":"533_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.185","volume":"40","author":"G Rosengren Pielberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosengren Pielberg G, Golovko A, Sundstrom E, Curik I, Lennartsson J, Seltenhammer MH, Druml T, Binns M, Fitzsimmons C, Lindgren G, et al: A cis-acting regulatory mutation causes premature hair graying and susceptibility to melanoma in the horse. Nat Genet. 2008, 40: 1004-1009. 10.1038\/ng.185.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"533_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-7-34","volume":"7","author":"G Egidy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Egidy G, Jule S, Bosse P, Bernex F, Geffrotin C, Vincent-Naulleau S, Horak V, Sastre-Garau X, Panthier JJ: Transcription analysis in the MeLiM swine model identifies RACK1 as a potential marker of malignancy for human melanocytic proliferation. Mol Cancer. 2008, 7: 34-10.1186\/1476-4598-7-34.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"533_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.3.839","volume":"91","author":"D Ron","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ron D, Chen CH, Caldwell J, Jamieson L, Orr E, Mochly-Rosen D: Cloning of an intracellular receptor for protein kinase C: a homolog of the beta subunit of G proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994, 91: 839-843. 10.1073\/pnas.91.3.839.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"533_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-9-22","volume":"9","author":"DR Adams","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adams DR, Ron D, Kiely PA: RACK1, A multifaceted scaffolding protein: Structure and function. Cell communication and signaling : CCS. 2011, 9: 22-10.1186\/1478-811X-9-22.","journal-title":"Cell communication and signaling : CCS"},{"key":"533_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.99-1038com","volume":"14","author":"H Berns","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berns H, Humar R, Hengerer B, Kiefer FN, Battegay EJ: RACK1 is up-regulated in angiogenesis and human carcinomas. FASEB J. 2000, 14: 2549-2558. 10.1096\/fj.99-1038com.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"533_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","volume":"144","author":"D Hanahan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hanahan D, Weinberg RA: Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011, 144: 646-674. 10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"533_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.369","volume":"31","author":"J Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhu F, Li X, Dong Z, Xu Y, Peng C, Li S, Cho YY, Yao K, Zykova TA, Bode AM: Rack1 protects N-terminal phosphorylated c-Jun from Fbw7-mediated degradation. Oncogene. 2011, 31: 1835-44.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"533_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16416","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802360200","volume":"283","author":"W Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang W, Cheng GZ, Gong J, Hermanto U, Zong CS, Chan J, Cheng JQ, Wang LH: RACK1 and CIS mediate the degradation of BimEL in cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2008, 283: 16416-16426. 10.1074\/jbc.M802360200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"533_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.06.025","volume":"19","author":"P Lopez-Bergami","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lopez-Bergami P, Habelhah H, Bhoumik A, Zhang W, Wang LH, Ronai Z: RACK1 mediates activation of JNK by protein kinase C [corrected]. Mol Cell. 2005, 19: 309-320. 10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.06.025.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"533_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2000.130109.x","volume":"13","author":"C Fleury","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fleury C, Berard F, Leblond A, Faure C, Ganem N, Thomas L: The study of cutaneous melanomas in Camargue-type gray-skinned horses (2): epidemiological survey. Pigment Cell Res. 2000, 13: 47-51. 10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2000.130109.x.","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res"},{"key":"533_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403776114234","volume":"35","author":"MH Seltenhammer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Seltenhammer MH, Simhofer H, Scherzer S, Zechner R, Curik I, Solkner J, Brandt SM, Jansen B, Pehamberger H, Eisenmenger E: Equine melanoma in a population of 296 grey Lipizzaner horses. Equine Vet J. 2003, 35: 153-157.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"533_CR18","first-page":"151","volume-title":"M\u00e9thodes statistiques \u00e0 l'usage des m\u00e9decins et des biologistes","author":"D Schwartz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schwartz D: Les petits \u00e9chantillons. M\u00e9thodes statistiques \u00e0 l'usage des m\u00e9decins et des biologistes 4th edition. Edited by: Flammarion M-S. Paris;1996:151-162.","edition":"4"},{"key":"533_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.434","volume":"130","author":"S He","year":"2010","unstructured":"He S, Yoon HS, Suh BJ, Eccles MR: PAX3 Is extensively expressed in benign and malignant tissues of the melanocytic lineage in humans. J Invest Dermatol. 2010, 130: 1465-1468. 10.1038\/jid.2009.434.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"533_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5379","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.24.5379","volume":"127","author":"L Hou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hou L, Panthier JJ, Arnheiter H: Signaling and transcriptional regulation in the neural crest-derived melanocyte lineage: interactions between KIT and MITF. Development. 2000, 127: 5379-5389.","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"533_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.07.053","volume":"411","author":"S Medic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Medic S, Rizos H, Ziman M: Differential PAX3 functions in normal skin melanocytes and melanoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011, 411: 832-837. 10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.07.053.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"533_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.427","volume":"30","author":"X He","year":"2011","unstructured":"He X, Wang J, Messing EM, Wu G: Regulation of receptor for activated C kinase 1 protein by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor in IGF-I-induced renal carcinoma cell invasiveness. Oncogene. 2011, 30: 535-547. 10.1038\/onc.2010.427.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"533_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.04.042","volume":"20","author":"B Serrels","year":"2010","unstructured":"Serrels B, Sandilands E, Serrels A, Baillie G, Houslay MD, Brunton VG, Canel M, Machesky LM, Anderson KI, Frame MC: A complex between FAK, RACK1, and PDE4D5 controls spreading initiation and cancer cell polarity. Curr Biol. 2010, 20: 1086-1092. 10.1016\/j.cub.2010.04.042.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"533_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02411.x","volume":"48","author":"FC Antony","year":"2006","unstructured":"Antony FC, Sanclemente G, Shaikh H, Trelles AS, Calonje E: Pigment synthesizing melanoma (so-called animal type melanoma): a clinicopathological study of 14 cases of a poorly known distinctive variant of melanoma. Histopathology. 2006, 48: 754-762. 10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02411.x.","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"533_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2008.09.015","volume":"27","author":"RL Barnhill","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barnhill RL, Gupta K: Unusual variants of malignant melanoma. Clin Dermatol. 2009, 27: 564-587. 10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2008.09.015.","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"533_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09271.x","volume":"162","author":"MW Ludgate","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ludgate MW, Fullen DR, Lee J, Rees R, Sabel MS, Wong SL, Johnson TM: Animal-type melanoma: a clinical and histopathological study of 22 cases from a single institution. Br J Dermatol. 2010, 162: 129-136. 10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09271.x.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"533_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.1.99","volume":"140","author":"SM Swetter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Swetter SM, Ecker PM, Johnson DL, Harvell JD: Primary dermal melanoma: a distinct subtype of melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 2004, 140: 99-103. 10.1001\/archderm.140.1.99.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"533_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2000.00307.x","volume":"47","author":"S Roels","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roels S, Tilmant K, Van Daele A, Van Marck E, Ducatelle R: Proliferation, DNA ploidy, p53 overexpression and nuclear DNA fragmentation in six equine melanocytic tumours. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2000, 47: 439-448. 10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2000.00307.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med"},{"key":"533_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6199","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.4799","volume":"27","author":"CM Balch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Balch CM, Gershenwald JE, Soong SJ, Thompson JF, Atkins MB, Byrd DR, Buzaid AC, Cochran AJ, Coit DG, Ding S, et al: Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol. 2009, 27: 6199-6206. 10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.4799.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"533_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470376928.ch2","volume-title":"Tumors in Domestic Animals","author":"MH Goldschmidt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goldschmidt MH, Hendrick MJ: Tumors of the skin and soft tissues. Tumors in Domestic Animals 4th edition. Edited by: Meuden DJ. Iowa: Iowa State Press;2002:45-118.","edition":"4"},{"key":"533_CR31","first-page":"1263","volume":"22","author":"P Quatresooz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Quatresooz P, Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE: Molecular histology on the diagnostic cutting edge between malignant melanomas and cutaneous melanocytomas (Review). Oncol Rep. 2009, 22: 1263-1267.","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"533_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.5858\/2010-0146-RA.1","volume":"135","author":"A Zembowicz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zembowicz A, Scolyer RA: Nevus\/Melanocytoma\/Melanoma: an emerging paradigm for classification of melanocytic neoplasms?. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011, 135: 300-306.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"533_CR33","first-page":"399","volume-title":"Current therapy in equine medecine","author":"KA Jeglum","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jeglum KA: Melanomas. Current therapy in equine medecine 3rd edition. Edited by: Robinson NE. Philadelphia: Saunders W; 1997:399-400.","edition":"3"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-6148-8-95.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T02:54:33Z","timestamp":1714100073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1746-6148-8-95"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-8-95","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"95"}}