{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:25:54Z","timestamp":1778736354438,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the preferred diagnostic tool to evaluate internal disorders of many joints in humans; however, the usefulness of MR imaging in the context of osteoarthritis, and joint disease in general, has yet to be characterized in veterinary medicine. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of short-duration 3 Tesla MR imaging for the evaluation of cranial and caudal cruciate ligament, meniscal and cartilage damage, as well as the degree of osteoarthritis, in dogs affected by non-traumatic, naturally-occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR). Diagnoses made from MR images were compared to those made during surgical exploration. Twenty-one client-owned dogs were included in this study, and one experienced evaluator assessed all images.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>All cranial cruciate ligaments were correctly identified as ruptured. With one exception, all caudal cruciate ligaments were correctly identified as intact. High sensitivities and specificities were obtained when diagnosing meniscal rupture. MR images revealed additional subclinical lesions in both the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments and in the menisci. There was a \u201cclear\u201d statistical (kappa) agreement between the MR and the surgical findings for both cartilage damage and degree of osteoarthritis. However, the large 95% confidence intervals indicated that evaluation of cartilage damage and of degree of osteoarthritis is not clinically satisfactory.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The presence of cruciate ligament damage and meniscal tears could be accurately assessed using the MR images obtained with our protocol. However, in the case of meniscal evaluation, occasional misdiagnosis did occur. The presence of cartilage damage and the degree of osteoarthritis could not be properly evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-40","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T07:24:51Z","timestamp":1362122691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Diagnostic accuracy of a short-duration 3 Tesla magnetic resonance protocol for diagnosing stifle joint lesions in dogs with non-traumatic cranial cruciate ligament rupture"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Galindo-Zamora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Dziallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davina C","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Wefstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"601_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00363.x","volume":"37","author":"MA D\u2019Anjou","year":"2008","unstructured":"D\u2019Anjou MA, Moreau M, Troncy E, Martel-Pelletier J, Abram F, Raynauld JP, Pelletier JP: Osteophytosis, subchondral bone sclerosis, joint effusion and soft tissue thickening in canine experimental stifle osteoarthritis: Comparison between 1.5\u00a0T magnetic resonance imaging and computed radiography. Vet Surg. 2008, 37: 166-177.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"601_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00650.x","volume":"39","author":"P B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2010","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher P, Bruhschwein A, Winkels P, Werner H, Ludewig E, Grevel V, Oechtering G: Value of Low-field magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing meniscal tears in the canine stifle: a prospective study evaluating sensitivity and specificity in naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament deficiency with arthroscopy as the gold standard. Vet Surg. 2010, 39: 296-305.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"601_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.00401.x","volume":"49","author":"L Blond","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blond L, Thrall DE, Roe SC, Chailleux N, Robertson ID: Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for meniscal tears in dogs affected with naturally occuring cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2008, 49: 425-431.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"601_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldm022","volume":"84","author":"R Crawford","year":"2007","unstructured":"Crawford R, Walley G, Bridgman S, Maffulli N: Magnetic resonance imaging versus arthroscopy in the diagnosis of knee pathology, concentrating on meniscal lesions and ACL tears: a systematic review. Br Med Bull. 2007, 84: 5-23.","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"601_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00678.x","volume":"39","author":"DJ Marino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marino DJ, Loughin CA: Diagnostic imaging of the canine stifle: a review. Vet Surg. 2010, 39: 284-295.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"601_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2009.01653.x","volume":"51","author":"J Olive","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olive J, d\u2019Anjou MA, Alexander K, Laverty S, Theoret C: Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and radiography for assessment of noncartilaginous changes in equine metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2010, 51: 267-279.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"601_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01972.x","volume":"39","author":"DK Baird","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baird DK, Hathcock JT, Rumph PF, Kincaid SA, Visco DM: Low-field magnetic resonance imaging of the canine stifle joint: normal anatomy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1998, 39: 87-97.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"601_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1622455","volume":"33","author":"M Konar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Konar M, Kneissl S, Vidoni B, Lang J, Mayrhofer E: Niederfeld-Magnetresonanztomographie am Kniegelenk des Hundes. Teil 2: Verteilung pathologischer Ver\u00e4nderungen und Korrelation mit Operationsbefunden. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2005, 33: 73-82.","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"},{"key":"601_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00248.x","volume":"48","author":"KR Winegardner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Winegardner KR, Scrivani PV, Krotscheck U, Todhunter RJ: Magnetic resonance imaging of subarticular bone marrow lesions in dogs with stifle lameness. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2007, 48: 312-317.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"601_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00179.x","volume":"47","author":"S Martig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Martig S, Konar M, Schmokel HG, Rytz U, Spreng D, Scheidegger J, Hohl B, Kircher PR, Boisclair J, Lang J: Low-field MRI and arthroscopy of meniscal lesions in ten dogs with experimentally induced cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2006, 47: 515-522.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"601_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.077297","volume":"67","author":"C Boileau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boileau C, Martel-Pelletier J, Abram F, Raynould J-P, Troncy E, D\u2019Anjou M-AD, Moreau M, Pelletier J-P: Magnetic resonance imaging can accurately assess the long-term progression of knee structural changes in experimental dog osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 926-932.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"601_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.11.323","volume":"152","author":"M Moreau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moreau M, Dupius J, Bonneau NH, Desnoyers M: Clinical evaluation of a nutraceutical, carpofen and meloxicam for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis. Vet Rec. 2003, 152: 323-329.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"601_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-10-02-0025","volume":"25","author":"J B\u00f6ddeker","year":"2012","unstructured":"B\u00f6ddeker J, Dr\u00fcen S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Fehr M, Nolte I, Wefstaedt P: Computer-assisted gait analysis of the dog: Comparison of two surgical techniques for the ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2012, 25: 11-21.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"601_CR14","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Statistics for veterinary and animal science","author":"A Petrie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Petrie A, Watson PF: Statistics for veterinary and animal science. 2nd edition.Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing; 2006:200\u2013201.","edition":"2"},{"key":"601_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05747-6","volume-title":"Angewandte Statistik. Anwendung statistischer Methoden","author":"L Sachs","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sachs L: Angewandte Statistik. Anwendung statistischer Methoden. 7. Auflage.Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1992:472."},{"issue":"3","key":"601_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632767","volume":"16","author":"TJ Lampman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lampman TJ, Lund EM, Lipowitz AJ: Cranial cruciate disease: current status of diagnosis, surgery, and risk for disease. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2003, 16 (3): 122-126.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"601_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/9780813810324.ch3","volume-title":"Practical small animal MRI","author":"PR Gavin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gavin PR, Holmes SP: Orthopedic. In Practical small animal MRI. Edited by Gavin PR, Bagley RS. Ames, IA: John Wiley & Sons; 2009:233\u2013272"},{"key":"601_CR18","first-page":"646","volume-title":"Mechanisms of disease in small animal surgery","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hayashi K, Lansdowne JL, D\u00e9jardin L: Cranial cruciate ligament and meniscal injuries in dogs. In Mechanisms of disease in small animal surgery.3rd edition. Edited by Bojrab MJ, Monnet EM. Jackson, WY: Teton New Media; 2010:646\u2013654.","edition":"3"},{"key":"601_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03333.x","volume":"71","author":"WT Wong","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wong WT: Caudal cruciate ligament avulsion fracture in a dog. Aust Vet J. 1994, 71: 82-83.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"601_CR20","first-page":"337","volume":"87","author":"D Lorinson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lorinson D, Grosslinger K, Vidoni B: Rupture of the caudal cruciate ligament in eight dogs and four cats. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr. 2000, 87: 337-340.","journal-title":"Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr"},{"key":"601_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00738.x","volume":"39","author":"JP Sumner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sumner JP, Markel MD, Muir P: Caudal cruciate ligament damage in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Vet Surg. 2010, 39: 936-941.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"601_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2002.34659","volume":"31","author":"TA Zachos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zachos TA, Arnoczky SP, Lavagnino M, Tashman S: The effect of cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency on caudal cruciate ligament morphology: An experimental study in dogs. Vet Surg. 2002, 31: 596-603.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"601_CR23","first-page":"595","volume":"148","author":"S Sawaya","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sawaya S, Ramet M: Forces acting on dog\u2019s articular structures, before and after cranial cruciate ligament transection in the static quadrupedal stance. An extensometric study. Rev Med Vet (Toulouse). 1997, 148: 595-608.","journal-title":"Rev Med Vet (Toulouse)"},{"key":"601_CR24","first-page":"33","volume":"17","author":"PC Gambardella","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gambardella PC, Wallace LJ, Cassidy F: Lateral suture technique for management of anterior cruciate ligament rupture in dogs - a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1981, 17: 33-38.","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"601_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1281","volume":"218","author":"J Jackson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jackson J, Vasseur PB, Griffey S, Walls CM, Kass PH: Pathologic changes in grossly normal menisci in dogs with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001, 218: 1281-1284.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"601_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00442.x","volume":"37","author":"A Pozzi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pozzi A, Hildreth BE, Rajala-Schultz PJ: Comparison of arthroscopy and arthrotomy for diagnosis of medial meniscal pathology: an ex vivo study. Vet Surg. 2008, 37: 749-755.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"601_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-003-0393-4","volume":"12","author":"B Friemert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Friemert B, Oberlander Y, Schwarz W, Haberle HJ, Bahren W, Gerngross H, Danz B: Diagnosis of chondral lesions of the knee joint: can MRI replace arthroscopy? A prospective study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2004, 12: 58-64.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"601_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2006.12.027","volume":"23","author":"LV von Engelhardt","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Engelhardt LV, Kraft CN, Pennekamp PH, Schild HH, Schmitz A, von Falkenhausen M: The evaluation of articular cartilage lesions of the knee with a 3-Tesla magnet. Arthroscopy. 2007, 23: 496-502.","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"601_CR29","first-page":"107","volume":"51","author":"J Olive","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olive J, d\u2019Anjou MA, Girard C, Laverty S, Theoret C: Fat-suppressed spoiled gradient-recalled imaging of equine metacarpophalangeal articular cartilage. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2010, 51: 107-115.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-6148-9-40.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T22:29:13Z","timestamp":1630535353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1746-6148-9-40"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-9-40","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 April 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"40"}}