{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:28:39Z","timestamp":1793042919199,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fatty liver is a major metabolic disorder in dairy cows and is believed to result in major economic losses in dairy farming due to decreased health status, reproductive performance and fertility. Currently, the definitive means for diagnosing fatty liver is determining the fat content of hepatic tissue by liver biopsy, which is an invasive and costly procedure, making it poorly suited to dairy farms. Therefore, the key aim of this study was to investigate the measurement of serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1), an enzyme exclusively synthesized by the liver, as a sensitive noninvasive biomarker for diagnosis of fatty liver in dairy cows.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comparative cohort study using serum specimens from Holstein\u2013Friesian dairy cows (46 healthy and 46 fatty liver cases) was conducted. Serum PON1 (paraoxonase, lactonase and arylesterase) activity and other biochemical and hematological parameters were measured. We found that serum PON1 activity was lower (P&lt;0.001) in cows suffering from fatty liver. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of PON1 activity for diagnosis of fatty liver was 0.973\u20130.989 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.941, 1.000] which was higher than the AUC-ROC of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). We found that adding serum PON1 measurement to different batteries of serum diagnostic panels showed a combination of high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (+LR), negative likelihood ratio (\u2212LR), diagnostic odd ratio (DOR) and overall diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing fatty liver.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present results indicate that addition of serum PON1 activity measurement to the biochemical profile could improve the diagnosis of fatty liver in dairy cows, which would have a considerable clinical impact and lead to greater profitability in the dairy industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-73","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]],"date-time":"2013-04-11T14:14:19Z","timestamp":1365689659000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Serum paraoxonase-1 as biomarker for improved diagnosis of fatty liver in dairy cows"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ayman Samir","family":"Farid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Honkawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Mohamed","family":"Fath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nariaki","family":"Nonaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichiro","family":"Horii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"631_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00415-5","volume":"54","author":"R Jorritsma","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jorritsma R, Jorritsma H, Schukken YH, Wentink GH: Relationships between fatty liver and fertility and some periparturient diseases in commercial Dutch dairy herds. Theriogenology. 2000, 54 (7): 1065-1074. 10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00415-5.","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"10","key":"631_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73446-3","volume":"87","author":"G Bobe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bobe G, Young JW, Beitz DC: Invited review: pathology, etiology, prevention, and treatment of fatty liver in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2004, 87 (10): 3105-3124. 10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73446-3.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.293","volume":"64","author":"N Katoh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Katoh N: Relevance of apolipoproteins in the development of fatty liver and fatty liver-related peripartum diseases in dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci. 2002, 64 (4): 293-307. 10.1292\/jvms.64.293.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32725-5","volume":"28","author":"RA Collins","year":"1980","unstructured":"Collins RA, Reid IM: A correlated biochemical and stereological study of periparturient fatty liver in the dairy cow. Res Vet Sci. 1980, 28 (3): 373-376.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"631_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3882","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(93)77729-2","volume":"76","author":"RR Grummer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Grummer RR: Etiology of lipid-related metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1993, 76 (12): 3882-3896. 10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(93)77729-2.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00096.x","volume":"11","author":"CK Cebra","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cebra CK, Garry FB, Getzy DM, Fettman MJ: Hepatic lipidosis in anorectic, lactating holstein cattle: a retrospective study of serum biochemical abnormalities. J Vet Intern Med. 1997, 11 (4): 231-237. 10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00096.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"631_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1986.188.08.845","volume":"188","author":"BJ Gerloff","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gerloff BJ, Herdt TH, Emery RS: Relationship of hepatic lipidosis to health and performance in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986, 188 (8): 845-850.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"631_CR8","first-page":"615","volume":"51","author":"E Kalaitzakis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kalaitzakis E, Panousis N, Roubies N, Giadinis N, Kaldrymidou E, Georgiadis M, Karatzias H: Clinicopathological evaluation of downer dairy cows with fatty liver. Can Vet J. 2010, 51 (6): 615-622.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"631_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199604000-00004","volume":"7","author":"MI Mackness","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mackness MI, Mackness B, Durrington PN, Connelly PW, Hegele RA: Paraoxonase: biochemistry, genetics and relationship to plasma lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1996, 7 (2): 69-76. 10.1097\/00041433-199604000-00004.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mol.0000174398.84185.0f","volume":"16","author":"M Aviram","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aviram M, Rosenblat M: Paraoxonases and cardiovascular diseases: pharmacological and nutritional influences. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2005, 16 (4): 393-399. 10.1097\/01.mol.0000174398.84185.0f.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"6","key":"631_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)01429-6","volume":"34","author":"O Rozenberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rozenberg O, Rosenblat M, Coleman R, Shih DM, Aviram M: Paraoxonase (PON1) deficiency is associated with increased macrophage oxidative stress: studies in PON1-knockout mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003, 34 (6): 774-784. 10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)01429-6.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"631_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.05.022","volume":"90","author":"M Anton\u010di\u0107-Svetina","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anton\u010di\u0107-Svetina M, Turk R, Svetina A, Gere\u0161 D, Reki\u0107 B, Juretic D: Lipid status, paraoxonase-1 activity and metabolic parameters in serum of heifers and lactating cows related to oxidative stress. Res Vet Sci. 2011, 90 (2): 298-300. 10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.05.022.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"631_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400511-JLR200","volume":"46","author":"DI Draganov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Draganov DI, Teiber JF, Speelman A, Osawa Y, Sunahara R, La Du BN: Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. J Lipid Res. 2005, 46 (6): 1239-1247. 10.1194\/jlr.M400511-JLR200.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"631_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2007.07.012","volume":"108","author":"R Turk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turk R, Juretic D, Geres D, Svetina A, Turk N, Flegar-Mestric Z: Influence of oxidative stress and metabolic adaptation on PON1 activity and MDA level in transition dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci. 2008, 108 (1\u20132): 98-106.","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.243","volume":"67","author":"T Miyamoto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miyamoto T, Takahashi Y, Oohashi T, Sato K, Oikawa S: Bovine paraoxonase 1 activities in serum and distribution in lipoproteins. J Vet Med Sci. 2005, 67 (3): 243-248. 10.1292\/jvms.67.243.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"631_CR16","volume-title":"Dry chemistry: analysis with carrier-bound reagents","author":"O Sonntag","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sonntag O: Dry chemistry: analysis with carrier-bound reagents. 1993, Amsterdam; London; New York: Elsevier"},{"issue":"6","key":"631_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","volume":"18","author":"WT Friedewald","year":"1972","unstructured":"Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS: Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972, 18 (6): 499-502.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"631_CR18","volume-title":"Clinical guide to laboratory tests","author":"NW Tietz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tietz NW, Finley PR, Pruden E, Amerson AB: Clinical guide to laboratory tests. 1990, Philadelphia: Saunders, 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"631_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-517-0_20","volume":"477","author":"M Aviram","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aviram M, Rosenblat M: Paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, PON3) analyses in vitro and in vivo in relation to cardiovascular diseases. Methods Mol Biol. 2008, 477: 259-276. 10.1007\/978-1-60327-517-0_20.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"631_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.7.893","volume":"46","author":"DE Bruns","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bruns DE, Huth EJ, Magid E, Young DS: Toward a checklist for reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy of medical tests. Clin Chem. 2000, 46 (7): 893-895.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"14","key":"631_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780121403","volume":"12","author":"LE Moses","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moses LE, Shapiro D, Littenberg B: Combining independent studies of a diagnostic test into a summary ROC curve: data-analytic approaches and some additional considerations. Stat Med. 1993, 12 (14): 1293-1316. 10.1002\/sim.4780121403.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"631_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00177-X","volume":"56","author":"AS Glas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Glas AS, Lijmer JG, Prins MH, Bonsel GJ, Bossuyt PM: The diagnostic odds ratio: a single indicator of test performance. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003, 56 (11): 1129-1135. 10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00177-X.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"631_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5200","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3265","volume":"93","author":"M Graber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Graber M, Kohler S, Kaufmann T, Doherr MG, Bruckmaier RM, van Dorland HA: A field study on characteristics and diversity of gene expression in the liver of dairy cows during the transition period. J Dairy Sci. 2010, 93 (11): 5200-5215. 10.3168\/jds.2010-3265.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"631_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1929","volume":"15","author":"J Camps","year":"2009","unstructured":"Camps J, Marsillach J, Joven J: Measurement of serum paraoxonase-1 activity in the evaluation of liver function. World J Gastroenterol. 2009, 15 (16): 1929-1933. 10.3748\/wjg.15.1929.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"631_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2008.09.120","volume":"42","author":"J Marsillach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marsillach J, Aragones G, Beltran R, Caballeria J, Pedro-Botet J, Morcillo-Suarez C, Navarro A, Joven J, Camps J: The measurement of the lactonase activity of paraoxonase-1 in the clinical evaluation of patients with chronic liver impairment. Clin Biochem. 2009, 42 (1\u20132): 91-98.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"22","key":"631_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(03)00704-5","volume":"73","author":"Y Kumon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kumon Y, Suehiro T, Ikeda Y, Hashimoto K: Human paraoxonase-1 gene expression by HepG2 cells is downregulated by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but is upregulated by interleukin-6. Life Sci. 2003, 73 (22): 2807-2815. 10.1016\/S0024-3205(03)00704-5.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"631_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(98)00084-7","volume":"139","author":"KR Feingold","year":"1998","unstructured":"Feingold KR, Memon RA, Moser AH, Grunfeld C: Paraoxonase activity in the serum and hepatic mRNA levels decrease during the acute phase response. Atherosclerosis. 1998, 139 (2): 307-315. 10.1016\/S0021-9150(98)00084-7.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"9","key":"631_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.63.1021","volume":"63","author":"H Ohtsuka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ohtsuka H, Koiwa M, Hatsugaya A, Kudo K, Hoshi F, Itoh N, Yokota H, Okada H, Kawamura S: Relationship between serum TNF activity and insulin resistance in dairy cows affected with naturally occurring fatty liver. J Vet Med Sci. 2001, 63 (9): 1021-1025. 10.1292\/jvms.63.1021.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"631_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.08.012","volume":"37","author":"RW James","year":"2004","unstructured":"James RW, Deakin SP: The importance of high-density lipoproteins for paraoxonase-1 secretion, stability, and activity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004, 37 (12): 1986-1994. 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.08.012.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"631_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VERC.0000009695.02015.20","volume":"21","author":"H Nakagawa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nakagawa H, Oikawa S, Oohashi T, Katoh N: Decreased serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in spontaneous cases of fatty liver in cows. Vet Res Commun. 1997, 21 (1): 1-8.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(77)80267-9","volume":"72","author":"SM Sabesin","year":"1977","unstructured":"Sabesin SM, Hawkins HL, Kuiken L, Ragland JB: Abnormal plasma lipoproteins and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology. 1977, 72 (3): 510-518.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.1999.00206.x","volume":"46","author":"P Mudron","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mudron P, Rehage J, Qualmann K, Sallmann HP, Scholz H: A study of lipid peroxidation and vitamin E in dairy cows with hepatic insufficiency. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1999, 46 (4): 219-224.","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed A"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"631_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00272-X","volume":"26","author":"M Aviram","year":"1999","unstructured":"Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Billecke S, Erogul J, Sorenson R, Bisgaier CL, Newton RS, La Du B: Human serum paraoxonase (PON 1) is inactivated by oxidized low density lipoprotein and preserved by antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999, 26 (7\u20138): 892-904.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"631_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.107.12.281","volume":"107","author":"IM Reid","year":"1980","unstructured":"Reid IM: Incidence and severity of fatty liver in dairy cows. Vet Rec. 1980, 107 (12): 281-284. 10.1136\/vr.107.12.281.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"2","key":"631_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.1983.tb00609.x","volume":"12","author":"JW Boyd","year":"1983","unstructured":"Boyd JW: The mechanisms relating to increases in plasma enzymes and isoenzymes in diseases of animals. Vet Clin Pathol. 1983, 12 (2): 9-24. 10.1111\/j.1939-165X.1983.tb00609.x.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"631_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.9.1463","volume":"229","author":"E Kalaitzakis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kalaitzakis E, Roubies N, Panousis N, Pourliotis K, Kaldrymidou E, Karatzias H: Evaluation of ornithine carbamoyl transferase and other serum and liver-derived analytes in diagnosis of fatty liver and postsurgical outcome of left-displaced abomasum in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006, 229 (9): 1463-1471. 10.2460\/javma.229.9.1463.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"631_CR37","volume-title":"Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals","author":"JJ Kaneko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss M: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 2008, Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press\/Elsevier, 6","edition":"6"},{"issue":"9","key":"631_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350070044","volume":"35","author":"T Kamisako","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kamisako T, Kobayashi Y, Takeuchi K, Ishihara T, Higuchi K, Tanaka Y, Gabazza EC, Adachi Y: Recent advances in bilirubin metabolism research: the molecular mechanism of hepatocyte bilirubin transport and its clinical relevance. J Gastroenterol. 2000, 35 (9): 659-664. 10.1007\/s005350070044.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"631_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(82)82146-2","volume":"65","author":"GD Baird","year":"1982","unstructured":"Baird GD: Primary ketosis in the high-producing dairy cow: clinical and subclinical disorders, treatment, prevention, and outlook. J Dairy Sci. 1982, 65 (1): 1-10. 10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(82)82146-2.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2011.12.3.251","volume":"12","author":"FD Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez FD, Mui\u00f1o R, Pereira V, Campos R, Benedito JL: Relationship among blood indicators of lipomobilization and hepatic function during early lactation in high-yielding dairy cows. J Vet Sci. 2011, 12 (3): 251-255. 10.4142\/jvs.2011.12.3.251.","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"631_CR41","first-page":"145","volume":"18","author":"A Mazur","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mazur A, Ayrault-Jarrier M, Chilliard Y, Rayssiguier Y: Lipoprotein metabolism in fatty liver dairy cows. Diabete Metab. 1992, 18 (1 Pt 2): 145-149.","journal-title":"Diabete Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-445","volume":"90","author":"M Bionaz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bionaz M, Trevisi E, Calamari L, Librandi F, Ferrari A, Bertoni G: Plasma paraoxonase, health, inflammatory conditions, and liver function in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2007, 90 (4): 1740-1750. 10.3168\/jds.2006-445.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30971-8","volume":"45","author":"Y Rayssiguier","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rayssiguier Y, Mazur A, Gueux E, Reid IM, Roberts CJ: Plasma lipoproteins and fatty liver in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci. 1988, 45 (3): 389-393.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548021","volume":"30","author":"P Holtenius","year":"1989","unstructured":"Holtenius P: Plasma lipids in normal cows around partus and in cows with metabolic disorders with and without fatty liver. Acta Vet Scand. 1989, 30 (4): 441-445.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"631_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77092-2","volume":"77","author":"M Vazquez-Anon","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vazquez-Anon M, Bertics S, Luck M, Grummer RR, Pinheiro J: Peripartum liver triglyceride and plasma metabolites in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1994, 77 (6): 1521-1528. 10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77092-2.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34361-3","volume":"26","author":"DK Spady","year":"1985","unstructured":"Spady DK, Turley SD, Dietschy JM: Rates of low density lipoprotein uptake and cholesterol synthesis are regulated independently in the liver. J Lipid Res. 1985, 26 (4): 465-472.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"631_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01839316","volume":"19","author":"E Uchida","year":"1995","unstructured":"Uchida E, Katoh N, Takahashi K: The activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in the serum of cows at parturition or with fatty liver. Vet Res Commun. 1995, 19 (5): 343-351. 10.1007\/BF01839316.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"631_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02416.x","volume":"16","author":"A Basoglu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Basoglu A, Sevinc M, Birdane FM, Boydak M: Efficacy of sodium borate in the prevention of fatty liver in dairy cows. J Vet Intern Med. 2002, 16 (6): 732-735. 10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02416.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"631_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3287","volume":"89","author":"A Haudum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haudum A, Starke A, Beyerbach M, Wohlsein P, Rehage J: Ultrasonographic assessment of liver dimensions in dairy cows with different hepatic triacylglycerol content. J Anim Sci. 2011, 89 (5): 1392-1400. 10.2527\/jas.2010-3287.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"631_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.2.261","volume":"48","author":"N Ferr\u00e9","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9 N, Camps J, Prats E, Vilella E, Paul A, Figuera L, Joven J: Serum paraoxonase activity: a new additional test for the improved evaluation of chronic liver damage. Clin Chem. 2002, 48 (2): 261-268.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1746-6148-9-73.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T04:12:39Z","timestamp":1745986359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1746-6148-9-73"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["631"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-9-73","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"73"}}