{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:25:24Z","timestamp":1780104324635,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Thailand has traditionally pursued an aggressive enforcement-based anti-illicit drug policy in an effort to make the country \"drug-free.\" In light of this ongoing approach, we sought to assess impacts of enforcement on drug use behaviors among a cohort of injection drug users (IDU) in Thailand. We examined drug use patterns among IDU participating in a cross-sectional study conducted in Bangkok (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 252). Participants were asked to provide data regarding patterns of drug use in the previous six months, including types of drugs consumed, method of consumption, frequency of use, and weekly income spent on drugs. We also conducted bivariate analyses to identify a possible effect of a reported increase in police presence on measures of drug use and related risk behaviors among study participants. One hundred fifty-five (61.5%) individuals reported injection heroin use and 132 (52.4%) individuals reported injection midazolam use at least daily in the past six months. Additionally, 86 (34.1%) individuals reported at least daily injection Yaba and Ice (i.e., methamphetamine) use. Participants in our study reported high levels of illicit drug use, including the injection of both illicit and licit drugs. In bivariate analyses, no association between increased police presence and drug use behaviors was observed. These findings demonstrate high ongoing rates of drug injecting in Thailand despite reports of increased levels of strict enforcement and enforcement-related violence, and raise questions regarding the merits of this approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597x-4-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]],"date-time":"2009-07-21T18:29:37Z","timestamp":1248200977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Drug use patterns among Thai illicit drug injectors amidst increased police presence"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Werb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanna","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Fairbairn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karyn","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paisan","family":"Suwannawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"114_CR1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Thailand: Grave developments \u2013 Killings and other abuses","author":"Ammesty International","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ammesty International: Thailand: Grave developments \u2013 Killings and other abuses. 2003, Wanchai: Amnesty International, 1-"},{"key":"114_CR2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Drugscope Briefing Papers","author":"M Roberts","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roberts M, Trace M, Klein A: Thailand's 'War on Drugs'. Drugscope Briefing Papers. 2004, London: Beckley Foundation, 5: 1-8."},{"key":"114_CR3","volume-title":"Not enough graves","author":"HRW","year":"2004","unstructured":"HRW: Not enough graves. 2004, New York: Human Rights Watch"},{"key":"114_CR4","volume-title":"Keynote address at the observance of the United Nations International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking","author":"P Thepkanjana","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thepkanjana P: Keynote address at the observance of the United Nations International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking. 2004,http:\/\/www.un.org\/depts\/dhl\/drug\/index.html"},{"key":"114_CR5","unstructured":"Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act, B.E. 2545. 2002, Government of Thailand"},{"key":"114_CR6","volume-title":"Reuters. Bangkok","author":"N Wong-Anan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wong-Anan N: Thai PM vows \"rigorous\" war on drugs despite outcry. Reuters. 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Addictive Behaviors. 2007, 32: 1733-1739. 10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.12.002.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"114_CR9","volume-title":"Thailand: New anti-drug campaign risks abuses","author":"HRW","year":"2008","unstructured":"HRW: Thailand: New anti-drug campaign risks abuses. 2008, Human Rights Watch"},{"key":"114_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-200030795","volume":"40","author":"W Small","year":"2005","unstructured":"Small W, Kain S, Laliberte N, Schechter MT, O'Shaughnessy MV, Spittal PM: Incarceration, addiction and harm reduction: inmates experience injecting drugs in prison. 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Int J Drug Policy. 2005, 16: 171-175. 10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.02.003.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"114_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.013","volume":"90","author":"W Wattana","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wattana W, van Griensven F, Rhucharoenpornpanich O, Manopaiboon C, Thienkrua W, Bannatham R, Fox K, Mock PA, Tappero JW, Levine WC: Respondent-driven sampling to assess characteristics and estimate the number of injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. Drug Alc Depend. 2007, 90: 228-233. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.013.","journal-title":"Drug Alc Depend"}],"container-title":["Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1747-597X-4-16.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T07:22:22Z","timestamp":1630480942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/substanceabusepolicy.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1747-597X-4-16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1747-597x-4-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1747-597X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1747-597X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2009","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2009","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2009","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"16"}}