{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:59:00Z","timestamp":1773921540135,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,19]],"date-time":"2010-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,19]],"date-time":"2010-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Dev"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The ependyma, the lining providing a protective barrier and filtration system separating brain parenchyma from cerebrospinal fluid, is still inadequately understood in humans. In this study we aimed to define, by morphological and immunohistochemical methods, the sequence of developmental steps of the human ependyma in the brainstem (ventricular ependyma) and thoracic spinal cord (central canal ependyma) of a large sample of fetal and infant death victims, aged from 17 gestational weeks to 8 postnatal months. Additionally, we investigated a possible link between alterations of this structure, sudden unexplained fetal and infant death and maternal smoking.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results demonstrate that in early fetal life the human ependyma shows a pseudostratified cytoarchitecture including many tanycytes and ciliated cells together with numerous apoptotic and reactive astrocytes in the subependymal layer. The ependyma is fully differentiated, with a monolayer of uniform cells, after 32 to 34 gestational weeks. We observed a wide spectrum of ependymal pathological changes in sudden death victims, such as desquamation, clusters of ependymal cells in the subventricular zone, radial glial cells, and the unusual presence of neurons within and over the ependymal lining. These alterations were significantly related to maternal smoking in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conclude that in smoking mothers, nicotine and its derivatives easily reach the cerebrospinal fluid in the fetus, immediately causing ependymal damage. Consequently, we suggest that the ependyma should be examined in-depth first in victims of sudden fetal or infant death with mothers who smoke.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8104-5-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]],"date-time":"2010-07-20T06:14:40Z","timestamp":1279606480000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Ependymal alterations in sudden intrauterine unexplained death and sudden infant death syndrome: possible primary consequence of prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Anna M","family":"Lavezzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa F","family":"Corna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Matturri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"129_CR1","first-page":"55","volume":"152","author":"JE Bruni","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bruni JE, Reddy AK: Ependyma of the central canal of the rat spinal cord: a light and transmission electron microscopic study. J Anat. 1987, 152: 55-70.","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"129_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(85)90016-5","volume":"9","author":"JE Bruni","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bruni JE, Del Bigio MR, Clattenburg RE: Ependyma: normal and pathological. A review of the literature. Brain Res Rev. 1985, 9: 1-19. 10.1016\/0165-0173(85)90016-5.","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"129_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1159\/000146352","volume":"128","author":"JE Bruni","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bruni JE, Anderson WA: Ependyma of the rat fourth ventricle and central canal: response to injury. Acta Anat. 1987, 128: 265-273. 10.1159\/000146352.","journal-title":"Acta Anat"},{"key":"129_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-005-8794-z","volume":"30","author":"C Silva-Alvarez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Silva-Alvarez C, Balmaceda-Aguilera C, Pastor P, Garcia Mde L, Reinicke K, Aguayo L, Molina B, Cifuentes M, Medina R, Nualart F: Ependymal cell differentiation and GLUT1 expression is a synchronus process in the ventricular wall. Neurochem Res. 2005, 30: 1227-1236. 10.1007\/s11064-005-8794-z.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"129_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199608)17:4<345::AID-GLIA9>3.0.CO;2-Y","volume":"17","author":"SR Robinson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robinson SR, Noone DF, O'Dowd BS: Ependymocytes and supra-ependymal axons in rat brain contain glutamate. Glia. 1996, 17: 345-348. 10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199608)17:4<345::AID-GLIA9>3.0.CO;2-Y.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"129_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.12.021","volume":"192","author":"Y Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu Y, Tamamaki N, Noda T, Kimura K, Itokazu Y, Matsumoto N, Dezawa M, Ide C: Neurogenesis in the ependymal layer of the adult rat 3rd ventricle. Exp Neurol. 2005, 192: 251-264. 10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.12.021.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"129_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E43","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.3.e43","volume":"109","author":"L Matturri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matturri L, Minoli I, Lavezzi AM, Cappellini A, Ramos S, Rossi L: Hypoplasia of meduallary arcuate nucleus in unexpected late fetal death (stillborn infants): a pathologic study. Pediatrics. 2002, 109: E43-10.1542\/peds.109.3.e43.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"129_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874309900701010001","volume":"1","author":"L Matturri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matturri L, Lavezzi AM: Pathology of the central autonomic nervous system in stillbirth. Open Ped Med J. 2007, 1: 1-9.","journal-title":"Open Ped Med J"},{"key":"129_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2007.00824.x","volume":"28","author":"AM Lavezzi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lavezzi AM, Matturri L: Functional neuroanatomy of the human pre-B\u00f6tzinger complex with particular reference to sudden unexplained perinatal and infant death. Neuropathology. 2008, 28: 10-16. 10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2007.00824.x.","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"129_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10024-003-1011-7","volume":"72","author":"AM Lavezzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lavezzi AM, Ottaviani G, Ballabio GM, Rossi L, Matturri L: Preliminary study on the cytoarchitecture of the human parabrachial\/K\u00f6lliker-Fuse complex with reference to sudden infant death syndrome and sudden intrauterine unexplained death. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2004, 72: 171-179. 10.1007\/s10024-003-1011-7.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"key":"129_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874082000802010001","volume":"2","author":"AM Lavezzi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lavezzi AM, Matturri L: Hypoplasia of the parafacial\/facial complex: a very frequent finding in sudden unexplained fetal death. Open Neurosci J. 2008, 2: 1-5. 10.2174\/1874082000802010001.","journal-title":"Open Neurosci J"},{"key":"129_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2174\/156652406777435381","volume":"6","author":"AM Lavezzi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lavezzi AM, Ottaviani G, Mauri M, Matturri L: Alterations of biological features of the cerebellum in sudden perinatal and infant death. Curr Mol Med. 2006, 6: 429-435. 10.2174\/156652406777435381.","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"129_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devbrainres.2004.10.007","volume":"154","author":"AM Lavezzi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lavezzi AM, Ottaviani G, Mingrone R, Matturri L: Analysis of the human locus coeruleus in perinatal and infant sudden unexplained death. Possible role of the cigarette smoking in the development of this nucleus. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2005, 154: 71-80. 10.1016\/j.devbrainres.2004.10.007.","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"129_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.04.015","volume":"20","author":"AM Lavezzi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lavezzi AM, Ottaviani G, Matturri L: Adverse effects of prenatal tabacco smoke exposure on biological parameters of the developing brainstem. Neurobiol Dis. 2005, 20: 601-607. 10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.04.015.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"129_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1179\/016164107X166308","volume":"29","author":"AM Lavezzi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lavezzi AM, Ottaviani G, Mauri M, Matturri L: Biopathology of the olivocerebellar network in sudden unexplained perinatal and sudden infant death syndrome related to maternal cigarette smoking. Neurol Res. 2007, 29: 525-532.","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"129_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1309\/J6AREY41HKBEYVHX","volume":"124","author":"L Matturri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matturri L, Ottaviani G, Lavezzi AM: Techniques and criteria in pathologic and forensic-medical diagnostics of sudden unexpected infant and perinatal death. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005, 124: 259-268. 10.1309\/J6AREY41HKBEYVHX.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"129_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-007-0527-z","volume":"452","author":"L Matturri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matturri L, Ottaviani G, Lavezzi AM: Guidelines for neuropathologic diagnostics of perinatal unexpected loss and sudden infant death sindrome (SIDS). A technical protocol. Virchows Arch. 2008, 452: 19-25. 10.1007\/s00428-007-0527-z.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"129_CR18","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Muller Arch Anat Physiol","author":"JE Purkinje","year":"1836","unstructured":"Purkinje JE: Ueber Flimmerbewegungen im Gehirn. Muller Arch Anat Physiol. 1836, 289-"},{"key":"129_CR19","first-page":"536","volume-title":"Choroid Plexus and Ependyma","author":"E Agduhr","year":"1932","unstructured":"Agduhr E: Cytology and cellular nervous system. Choroid Plexus and Ependyma. Edited by: Penfield W. 1932, NY; PB Hoeber Inc, 536-537."},{"key":"129_CR20","first-page":"1485","volume-title":"Special Cytology","author":"GB Wislocki","year":"1932","unstructured":"Wislocki GB: The cytology of the cerebrospinal patway. Special Cytology. Edited by: Cowdry EV. 1932, NY: PB Hoeber Inc, 1485-1521."},{"key":"129_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0624-y","volume":"119","author":"MR Del Bigio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Del Bigio MR: Ependymal cells: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2010, 119: 55-73. 10.1007\/s00401-009-0624-y.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"129_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2009.01016.x","volume":"11","author":"K Narita","year":"2010","unstructured":"Narita K, Kawate T, Kakinuma N, Takeda S: Multiple primary cilia modulate the fluid transytosis in choroids plexus epithelium. Traffic. 2010, 11: 287-301. 10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2009.01016.x.","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"129_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb13228.x","volume":"50","author":"M Abramovits","year":"1988","unstructured":"Abramovits M, Homma H, Ishigaki S, Tansey F, Cammer W, Listowsky I: Characterization and localization of glutathiones-transferase in rat brain and binding of hormones, neurotransmitters and drugs. Neurochem. 1988, 50: 50-57. 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb13228.x.","journal-title":"Neurochem"},{"key":"129_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb02536.x","volume":"52","author":"W Cammer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cammer W, Tansey F, Abramovitz M, Ishigaki S, Listowsky I: Differential localization of glutathione-s-transferase Yp and Yb subunits in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes of rat brain. J Neurochem. 1989, 52: 876-883. 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb02536.x.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"129_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1990.tb01264.x","volume":"16","author":"PJ Carder","year":"1990","unstructured":"Carder PJ, Hume R, Fryer AA, Strange RC, Lauder J, Bell JE: Glutathione S-transferase in human brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1990, 16: 293-303. 10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1990.tb01264.x.","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"129_CR26","first-page":"53","volume":"153","author":"JE Bruni","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bruni JE, Clattenburg RE, Millar E: Tanycyte ependymal cells in the third ventricle of young and adult rats. Anat Anz. 1983, 153: 53-68.","journal-title":"Anat Anz"},{"key":"129_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(90)90207-F","volume":"55","author":"SJ Gould","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gould SJ, Howard S, Papadaki L: The development of ependyma in the human fetal brain: an immunohistological and electron microscopic study. Dev Brain Res. 1990, 55: 255-267. 10.1016\/0165-3806(90)90207-F.","journal-title":"Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"129_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1108-04.2005","volume":"25","author":"N Spassky","year":"2005","unstructured":"Spassky N, Merkle FT, Flames N, Tramontin AD, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A: Adult ependymal cells are postmitotic and are derived from radial glial cells during embryogenesis. J Neurosci. 2005, 25: 110-118. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1108-04.2005.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"129_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.041129","volume":"136","author":"BV Jacquet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jacquet BV, Salinas-Mondragon R, Liang H, Therit B, Buie J, Dykstra M, Campbell K, Ostrowski LE, Brody SL, Ghashghaeil HT: FoxJ1-dependent gene expression is required for differentiation of radial glia into ependymal cells and a subset of astrocytes in the postnatal brain. Development. 2009, 136: 4021-4031. 10.1242\/dev.041129.","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"129_CR30","first-page":"147","volume":"77","author":"A Parent","year":"1981","unstructured":"Parent A: Comparative anatomy of the serotoninergic system. Physiol (Paris). 1981, 77: 147-156.","journal-title":"Physiol (Paris)"},{"key":"129_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-46207-8_36","volume-title":"Aspects of Neuroendocrinology","author":"I Vigh-Teichmann","year":"1970","unstructured":"Vigh-Teichmann I, Vigh B: Structure and function of the liquor contacting neurosecretory system. Aspects of Neuroendocrinology. 1970, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer, 329-337."},{"key":"129_CR32","first-page":"607","volume":"19","author":"B V\u00edgh","year":"2004","unstructured":"V\u00edgh B, Manzano e Silva MJ, Frank CL, Vincze C, Czirok SJ, Szab\u00f3 A, Luk\u00e1ts A, Sz\u00e9l A: The system of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons. Its supposed role in the nonsynaptic signal transmission of the brain. Histol Histopathol. 2004, 19: 607-628.","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"129_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)03123-8","volume":"989","author":"LC Zhang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhang LC, Zeng YM, Ting J, Cao JP, Wang MS: The distributions and signalling directions of the cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons in the parenchyma of a rat brain. Brain Res. 2003, 989: 1-8. 10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)03123-8.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"129_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-11-04462.1999","volume":"19","author":"BJ Chiasson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chiasson BJ, Tropepe V, Morshead CM, van der Kooy D: Adult mammalian forebrain ependymal and subependymal cells demonstrate proliferative potential, but only subependymal cells have neural stem cell characteristics. J Neurosci. 1999, 19: 4462-4471.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"129_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80783-7","volume":"97","author":"F Doetsch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Doetsch F, Caille I, Lim DA, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A: Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. Cell. 1996, 97: 703-716. 10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80783-7.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"129_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13883","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250471697","volume":"97","author":"ED Laywell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Laywell ED, Rakic P, Kukekov VG, Holland EC, Steindler DA: Identification of a multipotent astrocytic stem cell in the immature and adult mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 13883-13888. 10.1073\/pnas.250471697.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"129_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19980401)41:1<2::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"41","author":"JE Bruni","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bruni JE: Ependymal development, proliferation, and functions: a review. Microsc Res Tech. 1998, 41: 2-13. 10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19980401)41:1<2::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-Z.","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"129_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1179\/016164105X22075","volume":"27","author":"T Tada","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tada T, Nguyen JB, Hitoshi Y, Watson NP, Dunn JF, Ohara S, Nagano S, Kosai K, Israel MA: Diffuse encephaloventriculitis and substantial leukoencephalopathy after intraventricular administration of recombinant adenovirus. Neurol Res. 2005, 27: 378-386. 10.1179\/016164105X22075.","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"129_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600430","volume":"27","author":"RL Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang RL, Zhang ZG, Wang Y, LeTourneau Y, Liu XS, Zhang X, Gregg SR, Wang L, Chopp M: Stroke induces ependymal cell transformation into radial glia in the subventricular zone of the adult rodent brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007, 27: 1201-1212. 10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600430.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"129_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00060-X","volume":"112","author":"Y Ganat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ganat Y, Soni S, Chacon M, Schwartz ML, Vaccarino FM: Chronic hypoxia up-regulates fibroblast growth factor ligands in the perinatal brain and induces fibroblast growth factor-responsive radial glial cells in the sub-ependymal zone. Neuroscience. 2002, 112: 977-991. 10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00060-X.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"129_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2268","volume":"12","author":"M Carlen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carlen M, Meletis K, Goritz C, Darsalia V, Evergren E, Tanigaki K, Amendola M, Barnabe-Heider F, Yeung MS, Naldini L, Honjo T, Kokaia Z, Shupliakov O, Cassidy RM, Lindvall O, Frisen J: Forebrain ependymal cells are Notch-dependent and generate neuroblasts and astrocytes after stroke. Nat Neurosci. 2009, 12: 259-267. 10.1038\/nn.2268.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"129_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1159\/000069052","volume":"24","author":"RP Rothstein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rothstein RP, Levison SW: Damage to the choroid plexus, ependyma and subependyma as a consequence of perinatal hypoxia\/ischemia. Dev Neurosci. 2002, 24: 426-436. 10.1159\/000069052.","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"129_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-007-0155-9","volume":"122","author":"T Bajanowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bajanowski T, Brinkmann B, Mitchell EA, Vennemann MM, Leukel HW, Larsch KP, Beike J, GeSID Group: Nicotine and cotinine in infants dying from sudden infant death syndrome. Int J Legal Med. 2008, 122: 23-28. 10.1007\/s00414-007-0155-9.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"129_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5992.313","volume":"4","author":"AK Armitage","year":"1975","unstructured":"Armitage AK, Dollery CT, George CF, Houseman TH, Lewis PJ, Turner DM: Absorption and metabolism of nicotine from cigarettes. Br Med J. 1975, 4: 313-316. 10.1136\/bmj.4.5992.313.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"129_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2008.10.003","volume":"49","author":"AH Malkawi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malkawi AH, Al-Ghananeem AM, de Leon J, Crooks PA: Nicotine exposure can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid of active and passive smokers. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2009, 49: 129-132. 10.1016\/j.jpba.2008.10.003.","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"}],"container-title":["Neural Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1749-8104-5-17.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1749-8104-5-17\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1749-8104-5-17.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T14:48:52Z","timestamp":1736434132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/1749-8104-5-17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,19]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1749-8104-5-17","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-8104"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-8104","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2010","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2010","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2010","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"17"}}