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We are investigating the roles of <jats:italic>unfulfilled<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic>; <jats:italic>HR51<\/jats:italic>, CG16801) in MB development. <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic> encodes a nuclear receptor that is orthologous to the nuclear receptors fasciculation of axons defective 1 (FAX-1) of the nematode and photoreceptor specific nuclear receptor (PNR) of mammals. Based on our previous observations that <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic> transcripts accumulate in MB neurons at all developmental stages and the presence of axon pathfinding defects in <jats:italic>fax-1<\/jats:italic> mutants, we hypothesized that <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic> regulates MB axon growth and pathfinding.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We show that <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic> mutants exhibit a range of highly penetrant axon stalling phenotypes affecting all neurons of the larval and adult MBs. Phenotypic analysis of <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>X1<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:sup>mutants revealed that \u03b1'\/\u03b2' and \u03b1\/\u03b2 neurons initially project axons but stall prior to the formation of medial or dorsal MB lobes. <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>Z0001<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:sup>mutants form medial lobes, although these axons fail to branch, which results in a failure to form the \u03b1 or \u03b1' dorsal lobes. In either mutant background, \u03b3 neurons fail to develop larval-specific dorsal projections. These mutant \u03b3 neurons undergo normal pruning, but fail to re-extend axons medially during pupal development. <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>RNAi<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:sup>animals displayed phenotypes similar to those seen in <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>Z0001<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:sup>mutants. Unique asymmetrical phenotypes were observed in <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>X1<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:sup>\/<jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>Z0001<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:sup>compound heterozygotes. Expression of <jats:italic>UAS-unf<\/jats:italic> transgenes in MB neurons rescues the larval and adult <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic> mutant phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These data support the hypothesis that <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic> plays a common role in the development of all types of MB neurons. Our data indicate that <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic> is necessary for MB axon extension and branching and that the formation of dorsal collaterals is more sensitive to the loss of <jats:italic>unf<\/jats:italic> function than medial projections. The asymmetrical phenotypes observed in compound heterozygotes support the hypothesis that the earliest MB axons may serve as pioneers for the later-born MB neurons, providing evidence for pioneer MB axon guidance in post-embryonic development.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8104-5-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,2]],"date-time":"2010-02-02T07:15:08Z","timestamp":1265094908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The unfulfilled gene is required for the development of mushroom body neuropil in Drosophila"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Karen E","family":"Bates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl S","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Robinow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"116_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135651","volume":"28","author":"RL Davis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davis RL: Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscience. 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