{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:48:29Z","timestamp":1789850909049,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Dev"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>As a consequence of gene\/genome duplication, the <jats:italic>RTN4<\/jats:italic>\/Nogo gene has two counterparts in zebrafish: <jats:italic>rtn4a<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rtn4b<\/jats:italic>. The shared presence of four specific amino acid motifs\u2014M1 to M4\u2014in the N-terminal region of mammalian RTN4, and zebrafish Rtn4b suggests that Rtn4b is the closest homologue of mammalian Nogo-A.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To explore their combined roles in zebrafish development, we characterized the expression patterns of <jats:italic>rtn4a<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rtn4b<\/jats:italic> in a comparative manner and performed morpholino-mediated knockdowns. Although both genes were coexpressed in the neural tube and developing brain at early stages, they progressively acquired distinct expression domains such as the spinal cord (<jats:italic>rtn4b<\/jats:italic>) and somites (<jats:italic>rtn4a<\/jats:italic>). Downregulation of <jats:italic>rtn4a<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rtn4b<\/jats:italic> caused severe brain abnormalities, with <jats:italic>rtn4b<\/jats:italic> knockdown severely affecting the spinal cord and leading to immobility. In addition, the retinotectal projection was severely affected in both morphants, as the retina and optic tectum appeared smaller and only few retinal axons reached the abnormally reduced tectal neuropil. The neuronal defects were more persistent in <jats:italic>rtn4b<\/jats:italic> morphants. Moreover, the latter often lacked pectoral fins and lower jaws and had malformed branchial arches. Notably, these defects led to larval death in <jats:italic>rtn4b<\/jats:italic>, but not in <jats:italic>rtn4a<\/jats:italic> morphants.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In contrast to mammalian Nogo-A, its zebrafish homologues, <jats:italic>rtn4a<\/jats:italic> and particularly <jats:italic>rtn4b<\/jats:italic>, are essential for embryonic development and patterning of the nervous system.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8104-9-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,23]],"date-time":"2014-04-23T01:02:57Z","timestamp":1398214977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Essential roles of zebrafish rtn4\/Nogo paralogues in embryonic development"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Pinz\u00f3n-Olejua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Welte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houari","family":"Abdesselem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"M\u00e1laga-Trillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia AO","family":"Stuermer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"252_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-1166hyp","volume":"17","author":"T Oertle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oertle T, Klinger M, Stuermer CAO, Schwab ME: A reticular rhapsody: phylogenic evolution and nomenclature of the RTN\/Nogo gene family. 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