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Several aspects of FOP pathophysiology are still poorly understood, including mechanisms regulating<jats:italic>ACVR1<\/jats:italic>expression. This work aimed to identify regulatory elements that control<jats:italic>ACVR1<\/jats:italic>gene transcription.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We first characterized the structure and composition of human<jats:italic>ACVR1<\/jats:italic>gene transcripts by identifying the transcription start site, and then characterized a 2.9 kb upstream region. This region showed strong activating activity when tested by reporter gene assays in transfected cells. We identified specific elements within the 2.9 kb region that are important for transcription factor binding using deletion constructs, co-transfection experiments with plasmids expressing selected transcription factors, site-directed mutagenesis of consensus binding-site sequences, and by protein\/DNA binding assays. We also characterized a GC-rich minimal promoter region containing binding sites for the Sp1 transcription factor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results showed that several transcription factors such as Egr-1, Egr-2, ZBTB7A\/LRF, and Hey1, regulate the<jats:italic>ACVR1<\/jats:italic>promoter by binding to the -762\/-308 region, which is essential to confer maximal transcriptional activity. The Sp1 transcription factor acts at the most proximal promoter segment upstream of the transcription start site. We observed significant differences in different cell types suggesting tissue specificity of transcriptional regulation. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate expression of the<jats:italic>ACVR1<\/jats:italic>gene and that could be targets of new strategies for future therapeutic treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-8-145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,18]],"date-time":"2013-09-18T15:41:30Z","timestamp":1379518890000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identification and characterization of regulatory elements in the promoter of ACVR1, the gene mutated in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Giacopelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Cappato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Tonachini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marzia","family":"Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Di Lascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Fornasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Ravazzolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Bocciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"799_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-6-80","volume":"6","author":"RJ Pignolo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pignolo RJ, Shore EM, Kaplan FS: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: clinical and genetic aspects. 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