{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:50:19Z","timestamp":1790257819359,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Vet Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of a serological survey of livestock in Kazakhstan, carried out in 1997\u20131998, are reported. Serum samples from 958 animals (cattle, sheep and goats) were tested for antibodies to foot and mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD), rinderpest (RP) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) viruses, and to <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp. We also investigated the vaccination status of livestock and related this to changes in veterinary provision since independence in 1991. For the 2 diseases under official surveillance (FMD and brucellosis) our results were similar to official data, although we found significantly higher brucellosis levels in 2 districts and widespread ignorance about FMD vaccination status. The seroprevalence for BT virus was 23%, and seropositive animals were widespread suggesting endemicity, despite the disease not having being previously reported. We found a few seropositives for EHDV and PPRV, which may suggest that these diseases are also present in Kazakhstan. An hierarchical model showed that seroprevalence to FMD and BT viruses were clustered at the farm\/village level, rather than at a larger spatial scale. This was unexpected for FMD, which is subject to vaccination policies which vary at the raion (county) level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-45-211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,30]],"date-time":"2006-11-30T19:17:26Z","timestamp":1164914246000},"page":"211-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A Serological Survey of Ruminant Livestock in Kazakhstan During Post-Soviet Transitions in Farming and Disease Control"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Lundervold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EJ","family":"Milner-Gulland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CJ","family":"O'Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Corteyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AP","family":"Macmillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"299_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.9.1705-1710.1987","volume":"25","author":"A Afshar","year":"1987","unstructured":"Afshar A, Thomas FC, Wright PF, Shapiro JL, Shettigara PT, Anderson J: Comparison of competitive and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in serum and whole blood. J Clinical Microbiol. 1987, 25: 1705\u20131710.","journal-title":"J Clinical Microbiol"},{"key":"299_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.124.6.136","volume":"124","author":"A Afshar","year":"1989","unstructured":"Afshar A, Thomas FC, Wright PF, Shapiro JL, Anderson J: Comparison of competitive C ELISA, indirect ELISA and standard AGID tests for detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in cattle and sheep. Vet Rec. 1989, 124: 136\u2013141.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"299_CR3","volume-title":"Nauka, Almaty, Kazakhstan","author":"SA Amiraeev","year":"1986","unstructured":"Amiraeev SA, Sattarov AI, Ivanov NP: Epidemiologiya i epizootologiya brutselleza [The epidemiology and epizootology of brucellosis]. Nauka, Almaty, Kazakhstan. 1986"},{"key":"299_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(84)90375-2","volume":"74","author":"J Anderson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Anderson J: Use of Monoclonal Antibody in a Blocking ELISA to Detect Group Specific Antibodies to Bluetongue Virus. J Immunological Methods. 1984, 74: 139\u2013149. 10.1016\/0022-1759(84)90375-2.","journal-title":"J Immunological Methods"},{"key":"299_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800057599","volume":"112","author":"J Anderson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Anderson J, McKay JA: The detection of antibodies against peste des petites ruminants virus in cattle, sheep and goats and the possible implications to rinderpest control programmes. Epidemiology and Infection. 1994, 112: 225\u2013231.","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"299_CR6","volume-title":"Goskomstat [Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics], Almaty, Kazakhstan","author":"Anonymous","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anonymous: Goskomstat Statisticheskii sbornik [The Statistical Bulletin]. Goskomstat [Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics], Almaty, Kazakhstan. 1997"},{"key":"299_CR7","volume-title":"Meat and Livestock Commission, Milton Keynes, UK","author":"Anonymous","year":"1983","unstructured":"Anonymous: MLC Feeding the Ewe. Meat and Livestock Commission, Milton Keynes, UK. 1983"},{"key":"299_CR8","volume-title":"OIE Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines","author":"MJ Corbel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Corbel MJ, Macmillan AP: OIE Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines. 1996"},{"key":"299_CR9","volume-title":"Kazakhstan: Agricultural Management and Marketing Information System and Pilot Wholesale Market FDKAZ 9501. TACIS, EU, Brussels, Belgium","author":"HK Coulter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Coulter HK: An overview of the agricultural sector. Kazakhstan: Agricultural Management and Marketing Information System and Pilot Wholesale Market FDKAZ 9501. TACIS, EU, Brussels, Belgium. 1996"},{"key":"299_CR10","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Bluetongue Disease in south east Asia and the Pacific, Proceedings of the First south east Asia and the Pacific Regional Bluetongue Symposium","author":"PW Daniels","year":"1995","unstructured":"Daniels PW, Sendow I, Melville LF: Epidemiological Considerations in the Study of Bluetongue viruses. Bluetongue Disease in south east Asia and the Pacific, Proceedings of the First south east Asia and the Pacific Regional Bluetongue Symposium. 1995, 110\u2013119."},{"key":"299_CR11","first-page":"47","volume-title":"OIE Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines, OIE, Rue De Prony, Paris","author":"AI Donaldson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Donaldson AI, Barnett P, Kitching RP: Foot-and-mouth Disease. OIE Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines, OIE, Rue De Prony, Paris. 1996, 47\u201356."},{"key":"299_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.13.3.798","volume":"13","author":"P Formenty","year":"1994","unstructured":"Formenty P, Domenech J, L'Auginie F, Ouattara M, Diawara S, Raath JP, Grobler D, Leforban Y, Angba A: Epidemiologic survey of bluetongue virus in sheep, cattle and various species of wildlife in Cote-d'Ivoire. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties. 1994, 13: 737\u2013751.","journal-title":"Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties"},{"key":"299_CR13","first-page":"45","volume-title":"FAO EMPRES Livestock Programme: maintaining momentum and commitment; Technical Consultation on the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP), 30th September- 2nd October Italy Rome. Rome: FAO","author":"R Geiger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Geiger R, Wamway H, Ndungu E: Preliminary results of the validation and comparison of ELISAs for the surveillance of antibodies to rinderpest virus in cattle and livestock. FAO EMPRES Livestock Programme: maintaining momentum and commitment; Technical Consultation on the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP), 30th September- 2nd October Italy Rome. Rome: FAO. 2002, 45\u201358."},{"key":"299_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33445-3","volume":"20","author":"SM Golding","year":"1976","unstructured":"Golding SM, Hedger RS, Talbot P: Radial immuno-diffusion and serum-neutralisation techniques for the assay of antibodies to swine vesicular disease. Res Vet Sc. 1976, 20: 142\u2013147.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sc"},{"key":"299_CR15","first-page":"131","volume":"19","author":"I Greiser-Wilke","year":"1991","unstructured":"Greiser-Wilke I, Macmillan AP, Moennig V: A competition ELISA with monoclonal antibodies for the analysis of sera from cattle of 2 herds with suspected brucellosis. Tierarztliche-Praxis. 1991, 19: 131\u2013134.","journal-title":"Tierarztliche-Praxis"},{"key":"299_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(86)90442-4","volume":"93","author":"C Hamblin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hamblin C, Barnett ITR, Crowther JR: A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus. II Application. Journal of Immunological Methods. 1986, 93: 123\u2013129. 10.1016\/0022-1759(86)90442-4.","journal-title":"Journal of Immunological Methods"},{"key":"299_CR17","first-page":"6","volume":"66","author":"A Hawkes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hawkes A: The Global Distribution of Bluetongue. Bluetongue Disease in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Proceedings of the First Southeast Asia and the Pacific Regional Bluetongue Symposium, Kunming, China, 22\u201324 August 1995. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Proceedings 66. ACIAR proceedings. 1995, 66: 6\u201314.","journal-title":"Bluetongue Disease in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Proceedings of the First Southeast Asia and the Pacific Regional Bluetongue Symposium, Kunming, China, 22\u201324 August 1995. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Proceedings 66. ACIAR"},{"key":"299_CR18","first-page":"547","volume-title":"Bluetongue, African horse sickness and related orbiviruses, Preceedings of the Second International Symposium","author":"M Jeggo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jeggo M, Wright P, Anderson J, Eaton B, Afshar A, Pearson J, Kirkland P, Ozawa Y: Review of the IAEA meeting in Vienna on standardisation of the competitive ELISA test and reagents for the diagnosis of bluetongue. Bluetongue, African horse sickness and related orbiviruses, Preceedings of the Second International Symposium. Edited by: Walton TE, Osburn BI. 1992, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 547\u2013560."},{"key":"299_CR19","volume-title":"Prospects for pastoralists in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan: From State Farms to Private Flocks","author":"C Kerven","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kerven C: Prospects for pastoralists in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan: From State Farms to Private Flocks. 2003, Routledge Curzon Press, London"},{"key":"299_CR20","volume-title":"Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics, Almaty, Kazakhstan","author":"ZA Kulekeev","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kulekeev ZA: Statistical Bulletin [Statisticheskii cbornik]. Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics, Almaty, Kazakhstan. 1998"},{"key":"299_CR21","volume-title":"PhD thesis","author":"M Lundervold","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lundervold M: Infectious diseases of saiga antelopes and domestic livestock in Kazakhstan. PhD thesis. 2001, University of Warwick, UK"},{"key":"299_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00365-6","volume":"92","author":"M Lundervold","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lundervold M, Milner-Gulland EJ, O'Callaghan CJ, Hamblin C: First evidence of bluetongue virus in Kazakhstan. Vet Microbiol. 2003, 92: 281\u2013292. 10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00365-6.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"299_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00229-8","volume":"90","author":"K Nielsen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nielsen K: Diagnosis of brucellosis by serology. Vet Microbiol. 2002, 90: 447\u201354. 10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00229-8.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"299_CR24","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First South East Asia and Pacific Regional Bluetongue Symposium, Kunming, China. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Proceedings 66","author":"M Regen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Regen M, Fulai A, Qin S, Xinli Z: Serological Survey of Bluetongue in Sheep and Cattle in Inner Mongolia. Proceedings of the First South East Asia and Pacific Regional Bluetongue Symposium, Kunming, China. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Proceedings 66. 1995"},{"key":"299_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022834224257","volume":"31","author":"S Robinson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robinson S, Milner-Gulland EJ: Political change and factors limiting numbers of wild and domestic ungulates in Kazakhstan. Human Ecology. 2003, 31: 87\u2013110. 10.1023\/A:1022834224257.","journal-title":"Human Ecology"},{"key":"299_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00122-4","volume":"70","author":"L Samartino","year":"1999","unstructured":"Samartino L, Gall D, Gregoret R, Nielsen K: Validation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Veterinary Microbiology. 1999, 70: 193\u2013200. 10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00122-4.","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"299_CR27","first-page":"292","volume":"69","author":"D Sreenivasulu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sreenivasulu D, Rao MVS: Seroepidemiology of bluetongue disease in Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999, 69: 292\u2013294.","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Animal Sciences"},{"key":"299_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(95)01968-5","volume":"57","author":"JA Thevasagayam","year":"1996","unstructured":"Thevasagayam JA, Wellby MP, Mertens PPC, Burroughs JN, Anderson J: Monoclonal antibody based competitive ELISA for the detection of antibodies against epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer virus. J Virol Methods. 1996, 57: 117\u2013126. 10.1016\/0166-0934(95)01968-5.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"299_CR29","volume-title":"PhD Thesis","author":"JA Thevasagayem","year":"1998","unstructured":"Thevasagayem JA: The Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serogroup. PhD Thesis. 1998, University of Hertfordshire"},{"key":"299_CR30","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Essays on the Agricultural History of the Peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR","author":"A Tursunbaev","year":"1973","unstructured":"Tursunbaev A: Settlement of the nomads and semi-nomads of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Essays on the Agricultural History of the Peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR. 1973, 223\u2013234."},{"key":"299_CR31","volume-title":"The All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia","author":"I Vishnyakov","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vishnyakov I, Strigakov A, Novikova M, Lunitsin A: Bluetongue in Russia: virus identification and investigation with monoclonal antibodies. The All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia. 1994"},{"key":"299_CR32","volume-title":"Understanding the dairy cow","author":"J Webster","year":"1993","unstructured":"Webster J: Understanding the dairy cow. 1993, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK, 2","edition":"2"}],"container-title":["Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1751-0147-45-211.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1751-0147-45-211\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1751-0147-45-211.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T09:06:24Z","timestamp":1611133584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actavetscand.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1751-0147-45-211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1751-0147-45-211","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-0147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-0147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2004","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2004","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}