{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T23:22:55Z","timestamp":1793488975332,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Vet Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Leptospiral infections in poikilothermic (cold blooded) animals have received very little attention and the literature concerning natural infections of these animals is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in reptiles, imported into Slovenia and intended to be pets in close contact with humans. A total of 297 reptiles (22 snakes, 210 lizards and 65 turtles) were tested for specific antibodies against serovars of <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic> sensu stricto using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Live cultures of different serovars were used as antigens. MAT was performed according to standard procedures and the degree of reaction was interpreted by estimating the percentage of agglutinated leptospires. Samples showing titres of\u2009\u2265\u200950 against one or more serovars were considered as positive.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Antibodies against seven pathogenic serovars of <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> sensu stricto were detected in 46 of 297 reptiles. Among 22 snakes, specific antibodies against pathogenic serovars of three <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> species (<jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L. kirschneri<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>) at titre levels from 1:50 to 1:400 were detected in 6 snakes. In 31 of 210 lizards, specific antibodies were found in titres from 1:50 to 1:1000 and, finally, among 65 turtles (terrapins and tortoises), 9 had specific antibodies at titre levels between 1:50 and 1:1600. Animals imported from non-EU countries showed significantly higher prevalence (25.0%; 95 confidence interval: 16.7\u201333.3%) than animals from EU member states (10.4%; confidence interval: 6.1\u201314.7%).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Reptiles may be considered as potential reservoirs of <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> sensu stricto. Origin of the animals is a risk factor for presence of leptospiral antibodies, especially in lizards. Special attention should be focused on animals from non-EU member states.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-65","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,11]],"date-time":"2013-09-11T07:32:18Z","timestamp":1378884738000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira sp. in snakes, lizards and turtles in Slovenia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Renata","family":"Lindtner-Knific","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Vergles-Rataj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ksenija","family":"Vlahovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Zrim\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alenka","family":"Dov\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"898_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/190095a0","volume":"190","author":"J Van der Hoeden","year":"1961","unstructured":"Van der Hoeden J, Szenberg E, Evenchik Z: Leptospira-agglutinating factors in turtle sera. Nature. 1961, 190: 95-96. 10.1038\/190095a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"898_CR2","first-page":"295","volume":"1","author":"PK Abdulla","year":"1962","unstructured":"Abdulla PK, Karstad L: Experimental infections with Leptospira pomona in snakes and turtles. Zoonoses Res. 1962, 1: 295-306.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Res"},{"key":"898_CR3","first-page":"179","volume":"24","author":"FH White","year":"1963","unstructured":"White FH: Leptospiral agglutinins in snake serums. Am J Vet Res. 1963, 24: 179-182.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"898_CR4","first-page":"482","volume":"192","author":"I Ple\u0161ko","year":"1964","unstructured":"Ple\u0161ko I, Janovicova E, Lac J: Contribution to the importance of cold-blooded animals for the circulation of leptospira in nature [in German]. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1964, 192: 482-484.","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol"},{"key":"898_CR5","first-page":"111","volume":"10","author":"HP Minette","year":"1983","unstructured":"Minette HP: Leptospirosis in poikilothermic vertebrates. A review. Int J Zoonoses. 1983, 10: 111-121.","journal-title":"Int J Zoonoses"},{"key":"898_CR6","first-page":"405","volume":"51","author":"DH Ferris","year":"1961","unstructured":"Ferris DH, Rhoades HE, Hanson LE, Galton MM, Mansfield ME: Research into nidality of Leptospira ballum in campestral hosts including the hog-nosed snake (Heterodon platyrhinos). Cornell Vet. 1961, 51: 405-419.","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"898_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-1.4.55","volume":"1","author":"RD Andrews","year":"1965","unstructured":"Andrews RD, Reilly JR, Ferris D, Hanson LE: Leptospiral agglutinins in sera from Southern Illinois Herpetofauna. J Wildl Dis. 1965, 1: 55-59.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"898_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/209939a0","volume":"209","author":"SL Diesch","year":"1966","unstructured":"Diesch SL, McCulloch WF, Braun JL, Ellinghausen HC: Leptospires isolated from frog kidneys. Nature. 1966, 209: 939-940. 10.1038\/209939a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"898_CR9","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Croatian-Slovenian Symposium about Exotic and Wild Animals: 25-27 November; Zagreb, Croatia","author":"A Dov\u010d","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dov\u010d A, Vergles Rataj A, Lindtner Knific R, Zorman Rojs O, Krape\u017e U, Ocepek M, Cigler B, Jeri\u010d B, Zadravec M: Health status of wild varanus captured from nature [in Slovenian]. Proceedings of the 1st Croatian-Slovenian Symposium about Exotic and Wild Animals: 25-27 November; Zagreb, Croatia. Edited by: Vlahovi\u0107 K, Dov\u010d A. 2004, Zagreb: Croatian Veterinary Society and Slovenian Veterinary Association, 21-23."},{"key":"898_CR10","first-page":"331","volume":"28","author":"R Lindtner-Knific","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lindtner-Knific R, Dov\u010d A: Leptospirosis in reptiles [in Slovenian]. Vet news. 2003, 28: 331-336.","journal-title":"Vet news"},{"key":"898_CR11","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals","author":"World Organisation for Animal Health","year":"2008","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health: Leptospirosis. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 2008, Paris, France: Office International Des Epizooties, 251-264."},{"key":"898_CR12","first-page":"361","volume":"18","author":"D Combiesco","year":"1959","unstructured":"Combiesco D, Sturdza N, Radu I, Sefere M, Nicolesco I: Recherches concernant les sources d\u2019infection dans les leptospiroses [Preliminary investigations concerning the study of natural foci of leptospirosis]. Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol. 1959, 18: 361-372.","journal-title":"Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol"},{"key":"898_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2001)032[0320:IDSSIF]2.0.CO;2","volume":"32","author":"PP Calle","year":"2001","unstructured":"Calle PP, Rivas J, Munoz M, Thorbjarnarson J, Holmstrom W, Karesh WB: Infectious disease serologic survey in free-ranging Venezuelan anacondas (Eunectes murinus). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2001, 32: 320-323.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"898_CR14","first-page":"83","volume":"14","author":"LH Turner","year":"1959","unstructured":"Turner LH, Elisberg BL, Smith CE, Broom JC: Acute febrile illnesses in Malaya: leptospirosis. Med J Malaya. 1959, 14: 83-98.","journal-title":"Med J Malaya"},{"key":"898_CR15","first-page":"10","volume":"18","author":"S Hykutake","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hykutake S, de Biasi P, Santa Rosa CA, Belluomni HE: Epidemiological study on leptospirosis in Brazilian snakes [In Portuguese]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 1976, 18: 10-16.","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"898_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-10.4.429","volume":"10","author":"JW Glosser","year":"1974","unstructured":"Glosser JW, Sulzer CR, Eberhardt M, Winkler WG: Cultural and serologic evidence of Leptospira interrogans serotype Tarassovi infection in turtles. J Wildl Dis. 1974, 10: 429-435.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"898_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822009000200003","volume":"40","author":"EF Silva","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silva EF, Seyfert N, Cerqueria GM, Leihs KP, Athanazio DA, Valente ALS, Dellagostin OA, Brod CS: Serum antileptospiral agglutinins in freshwater turtles from Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol. 2009, 40: 227-230. 10.1590\/S1517-83822009000200003.","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1751-0147-55-65.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T01:12:40Z","timestamp":1630545160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actavetscand.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1751-0147-55-65"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1751-0147-55-65","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-0147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-0147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 February 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"65"}}