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Despite the signaling complexity, phagocytosis also depends strongly on biophysical parameters, such as particle shape, and the need for actin-driven force generation remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we propose a novel, three-dimensional and stochastic biophysical model of phagocytosis, and study the engulfment of particles of various sizes and shapes, including spiral and rod-shaped particles reminiscent of bacteria. Highly curved shapes are not taken up, in line with recent experimental results. Furthermore, we surprisingly find that even without actin-driven force generation, engulfment proceeds in a large regime of parameter values, albeit more slowly and with highly variable phagocytic cups. We experimentally confirm these predictions using fibroblasts, transfected with immunoreceptor Fc\u03b3RIIa for engulfment of immunoglobulin G-opsonized particles. Specifically, we compare the wild-type receptor with a mutant receptor, unable to signal to the actin cytoskeleton. Based on the reconstruction of phagocytic cups from imaging data, we indeed show that cells are able to engulf small particles even without support from biological actin-driven processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This suggests that biochemical pathways render the evolutionary ancient process of phagocytic highly robust, allowing cells to engulf even very large particles. The particle-shape dependence of phagocytosis makes a systematic investigation of host-pathogen interactions and an efficient design of a vehicle for drug delivery possible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-4-149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,9]],"date-time":"2010-11-09T07:15:41Z","timestamp":1289286941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["The zipper mechanism in phagocytosis: energetic requirements and variability in phagocytic cup shape"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Tollis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna E","family":"Dart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"George","family":"Tzircotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert G","family":"Endres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"560_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0804439","volume":"76","author":"JA Swanson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Swanson JA, Hoppe AD: The coordination of signaling during Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis. 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