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Here, we address this challenge by means of a robotic assay and measure bacterial growth rate, promoter activity and substrate level at high temporal resolution across the entire growth curve in batch culture. As a model system, we study\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      growing under nitrogen or carbon limitation, and explore the dynamics in the last generation of growth where nutrient levels can drop rapidly.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We find that growth stops abruptly under limiting nitrogen or carbon, but slows gradually when nutrients are not limiting. By measuring growth rate at a 3\u00a0min time resolution, and inferring the instantaneous substrate level, s, we find that the reduction in growth rate \u03bc under nutrient limitation follows Monod\u2019s law,\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                            <mml:msub>\n                              <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mfrac>\n                              <mml:mi>s<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:msub>\n                                  <mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi>\n                                  <mml:mi>s<\/mml:mi>\n                                <\/mml:msub>\n                                <mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo>\n                                <mml:mi>s<\/mml:mi>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:mfrac>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      . By following promoter activity of different genes we found that the abrupt stop of growth under nitrogen or carbon limitation is accompanied by a pulse-like up-regulation of the expression of genes in the relevant nutrient assimilation pathways. We further find that sharp stop of growth is conditional on the presence of regulatory proteins in the assimilation pathway.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observed sharp stop of growth accompanied by a pulsed expression of assimilation genes allows bacteria to compensate for the drop in nutrients, suggesting a strategy used by the cells to prolong exponential growth under limiting substrate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-7-27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T19:14:13Z","timestamp":1364238853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["The last generation of bacterial growth in limiting nutrient"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Anat","family":"Bren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuval","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erez","family":"Dekel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Koster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uri","family":"Alon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1070_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00871219","volume":"63","author":"HW Jannasch","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jannasch HW, Egli T: Microbial growth kinetics: a historical perspective. 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