{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:06:52Z","timestamp":1792130812875,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]],"date-time":"2013-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374451200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chemistry Central Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The emulsification-evaporation method was used to prepare astaxanthin nanodispersions using a three-component emulsifier system composed of Tween 20, sodium caseinate and gum Arabic. Using Response-surface methodology (RSM), we studied the main and interaction effects of the major emulsion components, namely, astaxanthin concentration (0.02\u20130.38 wt %, x<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), emulsifier concentration (0.2\u20133.8 wt %, x<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and organic phase (dichloromethane) concentration (2\u201338 wt %, x<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) on nanodispersion characteristics. The physicochemical properties considered as response variables were: average particle size (Y<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), PDI (Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and astaxanthin loss (Y<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicated that the response-surface models were significantly (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) fitted for all studied response variables. The fitted polynomial regression models for the prediction of variations in the response variables showed high coefficients of determination (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009&gt;\u20090.930) for all responses. The overall optimum region resulted in a desirable astaxanthin nanodispersions obtained with the concentrations of 0.08 wt % astaxanthin, 2.5 wt % emulsifier and 11.5 wt % organic phase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>No significant differences were found between the experimental and predicted values, thus certifying the adequacy of the Response-surface models developed for describing the changes in physicochemical properties as a function of main emulsion component concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153x-7-127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]],"date-time":"2013-07-22T14:14:01Z","timestamp":1374502441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Influence of astaxanthin, emulsifier and organic phase concentration on physicochemical properties of astaxanthin nanodispersions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Navideh","family":"Anarjan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imededdine Arbi","family":"Nehdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin Ping","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(03)00030-X","volume":"24","author":"W Stahl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stahl W, Sies H: Antioxidant activity of carotenoids. 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