{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:34:37Z","timestamp":1791056077712,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363219200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Current treatment options for visceral leishmaniasis (pentavalent antimony, amphotericin B, liposomal amphotericin B and mitelfosine) achieve long-term clinical cure in the majority of immunocompetent patients. Disease relapse is usually provoked by T-cell number or function impairment (corticosteroid or cytotoxic therapy, transplant recipients, advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We report a case of visceral leishmaniasis with multiple relapses in a 75-year-old Greek immunocompetent man. Visceral leishmaniasis relapses occurred despite appropriate treatment with liposomal amphotericin B 3mg\/kg\/day on days one to five, 14 and 21 (for the first episode and the first relapse) and mitelfosine 150mg\/day for 28 days (for the second relapse). The third relapse was treated with high-dose liposomal amphotericin B (10mg\/kg for two consecutive days), followed by a secondary prophylaxis of 3mg\/kg once per month, which prevented disease reappearance during one year of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>An unusual case of recurrent visceral leishmaniasis in an older immunocompetent patient was treated with high-dose liposomal amphotericin B and a monthly prophylaxis with no evidence of a relapse after one year of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-7-68","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T16:45:39Z","timestamp":1363279539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recurrent visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Lagadinou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Dimitropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stelios F","family":"Assimakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Davoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markos","family":"Marangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2460_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(06)64001-3","volume":"64","author":"AL Banuls","year":"2007","unstructured":"Banuls AL, Hide M, Prugnolle F: Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. 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