{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:29:16Z","timestamp":1724977756756},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Res Notes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Vaccines are the most effective public health intervention. Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) provides routine vaccination in developing countries. However, vaccines that cannot be given in EPI schedule such as typhoid fever vaccine need alternative venues. In areas where school enrolment is high, schools provide a cost effective opportunity for vaccination. Prior to start of a school-based typhoid vaccination program, interviews were conducted with staff of educational institutions in two townships of Karachi, Pakistan to collect baseline information about the school system and to plan a typhoid vaccination program. Data collection teams administered a structured questionnaire to all schools in the two townships. The administrative staff was requested information on school fee, class enrolment, past history of involvement and willingness of parents to participate in a vaccination campaign.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 304,836 students were enrolled in 1,096 public, private, and religious schools (Madrasahs) of the two towns. Five percent of schools refused to participate in the school census. Twenty-five percent of schools had a total enrolment of less than 100 students whereas 3% had more than 1,000 students. Health education programs were available in less than 8% of public schools, 17% of private schools, and 14% of Madrasahs. One-quarter of public schools, 41% of private schools, and 43% of Madrasahs had previously participated in a school-based vaccination campaign. The most common vaccination campaign in which schools participated was Polio eradication program. Cost of the vaccine, side effects, and parents' lack of information were highlighted as important limiting factors by school administration for school-based immunization programs. Permission from parents, appropriateness of vaccine-related information, and involvement of teachers were considered as important factors to improve participation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Health education programs are not part of the regular school curriculum in developing countries including Pakistan. Many schools in the targeted townships participated in immunization activities but they were not carried out regularly. In the wake of low immunization coverage in Pakistan, schools can be used as a potential venue not only for non-EPI vaccines, but for a catch up vaccination of routine vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]],"date-time":"2012-01-06T11:43:58Z","timestamp":1325850238000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Schools as potential vaccination venue for vaccines outside regular EPI schedule: results from a school census in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sajid Bashir","family":"Soofi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inam-ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M Imran","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Bilal","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mushtaq","family":"Mirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rehman","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imtiaz","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahesh K","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zamir Hussain","family":"Suhag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asif R","family":"Khowaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Razzaq","family":"Lasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D","family":"Clemens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Favorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R Leon","family":"Ochiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zulfiqar A","family":"Bhutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1284_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-9-S1-S2","volume":"9","author":"P Duclos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duclos P, Okwo-Bele JM, Gacic-Dobo M, Cherian T: Global immunization: status, progress, challenges and future. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2009, 9 (Suppl 1): S2-10.1186\/1472-698X-9-S1-S2.","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"1284_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36583-4","volume-title":"Mass vaccination: global aspects - progress and obstacles","author":"SA Plotkin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Plotkin SA: Mass vaccination: global aspects - progress and obstacles. 2006"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1284_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-9-S1-S1","volume":"9","author":"SL Mhatre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mhatre SL, Schryer-Roy AM: The fallacy of coverage: uncovering disparities to improve immunization rates through evidence. results from the Canadian international immunization initiative phase 2 - operational research grants. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2009, 9 (Suppl 1): S1-10.1186\/1472-698X-9-S1-S1.","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"1284_CR4","volume-title":"Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries","author":"L Brenzel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brenzel L, Wolfson LJ, Fox-Rushby J, Miller M, Halsey NA: Vaccine-preventable Diseases. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Edited by: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al. 2006, Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank Group, 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"1284_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Immunization Surveillance, Assessment and Monitoring: Data, Statistics and Graphics. [http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization_monitoring\/diseases\/en\/]"},{"issue":"6715","key":"1284_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6715.1544","volume":"299","author":"D Morley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Morley D: Saving children's lives by vaccination. BMJ. 1989, 299 (6715): 1544-1545. 10.1136\/bmj.299.6715.1544.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1284_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global Health Observatory Data Repository. [http:\/\/apps.who.int\/ghodata\/?vid=80100]"},{"issue":"42","key":"1284_CR8","first-page":"1367","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2010","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Global routine vaccination coverage, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010, 59 (42): 1367-1371.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"9789","key":"1284_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60406-6","volume":"378","author":"OS Levine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levine OS, Bloom DE, Cherian T, de Quadros C, Sow S, Wecker J, Duclos P, Greenwood B: The future of immunisation policy, implementation, and financing. Lancet. 2011, 378 (9789): 439-448. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60406-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1284_CR10","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Immunization Service Delivery: school-based immunization. [http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization_delivery\/systems_policy\/school-based-immunization\/en\/index.html]"},{"key":"1284_CR11","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Immunization, Vaccines and Biological: global immunization vision and strategy. [http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/givs\/en\/index.html]"},{"key":"1284_CR12","unstructured":"Schools and Health: Health, Nutrition, HIV and AIDS. [http:\/\/www.schoolsandhealth.org\/Pages\/Country.aspx]"},{"issue":"3","key":"1284_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.03.010","volume":"10","author":"FJ Siddiqui","year":"2006","unstructured":"Siddiqui FJ, Rabbani F, Hasan R, Nizami SQ, Bhutta ZA: Typhoid fever in children: some epidemiological considerations from Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis. 2006, 10 (3): 215-222. 10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.03.010.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1284_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.039818","volume":"86","author":"RL Ochiai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Baiqing D, Bhattacharya SK, Agtini MD, Bhutta ZA, Canh do G, Ali M, Shin S, Wain J, Page AL, Albert MJ, Farrar J, Abu-Elyazeed R, Pang T, Galindo CM, von Seidlein L, Clemens JD, Domi Typhoid Study Group: A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls. Bull World Health Organ. 2008, 86 (4): 260-268. 10.2471\/BLT.06.039818.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"1284_CR15","volume-title":"Education at a glance: Pakistan","author":"UNESCO Institute for statistics","year":"2009","unstructured":"UNESCO Institute for statistics: Education at a glance: Pakistan. 2009, [http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/EXTEDSTATS\/Resources\/3232763-1171296190619\/3445877-1172014191219\/PAK.pdf]"},{"key":"1284_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-7-17","volume":"7","author":"MI Khan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khan MI, Ochiai RL, Hamza HB, Sahito SM, Habib MA, Soofi SB, Bhutto NS, Rasool S, Puri MK, Ali M, Wasan SM, Khan MJ, Abu-Elyazeed R, Ivanoff B, Galindo CM, Pang T, Donner A, von Seidlein L, Acosta CJ, Clemens JD, Nizami SQ, Bhutta ZA: Lessons and implications from a mass immunization campaign in squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan: an experience from a cluster-randomized double-blinded vaccine trial [NCT00125047]. Trials. 2006, 7: 17-10.1186\/1745-6215-7-17.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"21","key":"1284_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.11.044","volume":"23","author":"D DeRoeck","year":"2005","unstructured":"DeRoeck D, Clemens JD, Nyamete A, Mahoney RT: Policymakers' views regarding the introduction of new-generation vaccines against typhoid fever, shigellosis and cholera in Asia. Vaccine. 2005, 23 (21): 2762-74. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.11.044.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1284_CR18","unstructured":"Population Census Organization: Government of Pakistan. [http:\/\/www.census.gov.pk\/datacensus.php]"},{"key":"1284_CR19","unstructured":"City District Government of Karachi: Official Web Portal. [http:\/\/www.karachicity.gov.pk\/]"},{"key":"1284_CR20","volume-title":"The rise of private schooling in Pakistan: catering to the urban elite or educating the rural poor?","author":"T Andrabi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Andrabi T, das J, Khwaja AI: The rise of private schooling in Pakistan: catering to the urban elite or educating the rural poor?. 2002, [http:\/\/economics-files.pomona.edu\/Andrabi\/Research\/Pakschool%20March29.pdf]"},{"key":"1284_CR21","volume-title":"Basic Education in Pakistan","author":"PA Shami","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shami PA, Hussain KS: Basic Education in Pakistan. 2005"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 2","key":"1284_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S186","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265050262S209","volume":"26","author":"D Bundy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bundy D: School health and nutrition: policy and programs. Food Nutr Bull. 2005, 26 (2 Suppl 2): S186-92.","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"1284_CR23","unstructured":"FRESH Focusing Resources on Effective School Health. [http:\/\/www.freshschools.org\/Pages\/default.aspx]"},{"key":"1284_CR24","unstructured":"Sanitation and Water for All. [http:\/\/www.sanitationandwaterforall.org\/]"},{"issue":"4","key":"1284_CR25","first-page":"469","volume":"25","author":"X Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen X, Stanton B, Pach A, Nyamete A, Ochiai RL, Kaljee L, Dong B, Sur D, Bhattacharya SK, Santoso SS, Agtini M, Memon Z, Bhutta Z, Do CG, von Seidlein L, Clemens J: Adults' perceived prevalence of enteric fever predicts laboratory-validated incidence of typhoid fever in children. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007, 25 (4): 469-78.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1284_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.07.005","volume":"101","author":"FJ Cooke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cooke FJ, Day M, Wain J, Ward LR, Threlfall EJ: Cases of typhoid fever imported into England, Scotland and Wales (2000-2003). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 101 (4): 398-404. 10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.07.005.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1284_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czl009","volume":"21","author":"GC Do","year":"2006","unstructured":"Do GC, Whittington D, Le TK, Utomo N, Nguyen TH, Poulos C, Dang TD, Kim D, Nyamete A, Acosta C: Household demand for typhoid fever vaccines in Hue, Vietnam. Health policy and planning. 2006, 21 (3): 241-55. 10.1093\/heapol\/czl009.","journal-title":"Health policy and planning"},{"key":"1284_CR28","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Immunization Surveillance Assessment and Monitoring. [http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization_monitoring\/data\/pak.pdf]"},{"key":"1284_CR29","volume-title":"Demographic and Health Survey: Pakistan","author":"DHS Measure","year":"2006","unstructured":"Measure DHS: Demographic and Health Survey: Pakistan. 2006, [http:\/\/www.measuredhs.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR200\/FR200.pdf] - 07"},{"issue":"19","key":"1284_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.061","volume":"28","author":"S Chandir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chandir S, Khan AJ, Hussain H, Usman HR, Khowaja S, Halsey NA, Omer SB: Effect of food coupon incentives on timely completion of DTP immunization series in children from a low-income area in Karachi, Pakistan: a longitudinal intervention study. Vaccine. 2010, 28 (19): 3473-3478. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.061.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1284_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.10.048","volume":"27","author":"HR Usman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Usman HR, Akhtar S, Habib F, Jehan I: Redesigned immunization card and center-based education to reduce childhood immunization dropouts in urban Pakistan: a randomized controlled trial. Vaccine. 2009, 27 (3): 467-472. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.10.048.","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["BMC Research Notes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1756-0500-5-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T18:00:34Z","timestamp":1630519234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1756-0500-5-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-0500-5-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-0500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-0500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"6"}}