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One approach is to examine epidermal expression of key genes involved in genotoxic stress response pathways. However, quantitation of mRNA transcripts requires previous standardization, with accurate selection of control and target genes. The latter is particularly important when working with environmental stressors such as UV that can activate numerous genes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using 20 epidermal biopsies from blue, fin and sperm whale, we found that the genes encoding the ribosomal proteins L4 and S18 (<jats:italic>RPL4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>RPS18<\/jats:italic>) were the most suitable to use as controls, followed by the genes encoding phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (<jats:italic>PGK1<\/jats:italic>) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (<jats:italic>SDHA<\/jats:italic>). A careful analysis of the transcription pathways known to be activated by UV-exposure in humans and mice led us to select as target genes those encoding for <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>) heat shock protein 70 (<jats:italic>HSP70<\/jats:italic>) an indicator of general cell stress, <jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>) tumour suppressor protein P53 (<jats:italic>P53<\/jats:italic>), a transcription factor activated by UV and other cell stressors, and <jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>) KIN17 (<jats:italic>KIN<\/jats:italic>), a cell cycle protein known to be up-regulated following UV exposure. These genes were successfully amplified in the three species and quantitation of their mRNA transcripts was standardised using <jats:italic>RPL4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>RPS18<\/jats:italic>. Using a larger sample set of 60 whale skin biopsies, we found that the target gene with highest expression was <jats:italic>HSP70<\/jats:italic> and that its levels of transcription were correlated with those of <jats:italic>KIN<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P53<\/jats:italic>. Expression of <jats:italic>HSP70<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P53<\/jats:italic> were both related to microscopic sunburn lesions recorded in the whales\u2019 skin.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This article presents groundwork data essential for future qPCR-based studies on the capacity of wildlife to resolve or limit UV-induced damage. The proposed target genes are <jats:italic>HSP70<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P53<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>KIN<\/jats:italic>, known to be involved in genotoxic stress pathways, and whose expression patterns can be accurately assessed by using two stable control genes, <jats:italic>RPL4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>RPS18<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]],"date-time":"2013-07-09T16:15:39Z","timestamp":1373386539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Control and target gene selection for studies on UV-induced genotoxicity in whales"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Laura M","family":"Martinez-Levasseur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Gendron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"Knell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Acevedo-Whitehouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2289_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1039\/c0pp90036b","volume":"10","author":"DP Hader","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hader DP, Helbling EW, Williamson CE, Worrest RC: Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change. 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